Treatment of post-operative inflammation following ocular surgery.

Posology

Adults and elderly

One to two drops four times daily beginning 24 hours after surgery and continuing throughout the post-operative period.

The duration of treatment should not exceed 2 weeks.

Paediatric Population

Lotemax should not be used in the paediatric age group until further data become available.

Method of administration

Ocular use

Shake the bottle vigorously before using the eye drops.

This product is sterile when packaged. Patients should be advised not to allow the dropper tip to touch any surface, as this may contaminate the suspension. The bottle should be closed immediately after use.

Lotemax is contraindicated in most viral diseases of the cornea and conjunctiva including epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, varicella, and also in mycobacterial infection of the eye and fungal diseases of ocular structures; untreated purulent acute infections which, similar to other infectious diseases, can be masked and worsened by corticoids, 'red eye' with unknown diagnosis and infection caused by amoeba.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1 or to other corticosteroids.

Prolonged use of corticosteroids may result in ocular hypertension or glaucoma with damage to the optic nerve, defects in visual acuity and fields of vision, and in posterior subcapsular cataract formation. Steroids should be used with caution in the presence of glaucoma.

Visual disturbance may be reported with systemic and topical corticosteroid use. If a patient presents with symptoms such as blurred vision or other visual disturbances, the patient should be considered for referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of possible causes which may include cataract, glaucoma or rare diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) which have been reported after use of systemic and topical corticosteroids.

Prolonged use of corticosteroids may suppress the host response and may increase the possibility of secondary ocular infections. In those diseases causing thinning of the cornea or sclera, perforations have been known to occur with the use of topical steroids. In acute purulent conditions of the eye, steroids may mask infection or enhance existing infection.

Long term treating with corticosteroids can cause fungal disease. Fungal disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a corneal ulcer persists.

In general patients should not wear contact lenses after cataract surgery, unless contact lens wearing is medically indicated.

If signs and symptoms fail to improve after two days, the patient should be re-evaluated. If this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be monitored.

Lotemax contains benzalkonium chloride

This medicinal product contains 0.0152 mg benzalkonium chloride in each dosage unit (2 drops) which is equivalent to 0.20 mg/ml.

Benzalkonium chloride may be absorbed by soft contact lenses and may change the colour of the contact lenses. Patients should remove contact lenses before using this medicine and put them back 15minutes afterwards.

Benzalkonium chloride has been reported to cause eye irritation, symptoms of dry eyes and may affect the tear film and corneal surface. Lotemax should be used with caution in dry eye patients and in patients where the cornea may be compromised.

Patients should be monitored in case of prolonged use.

Since loteprednol etabonate is not detected in plasma following the topical administration of Lotemax, it is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of systemically administered medicinal products. However, the low potential of ocular loteprednol etabonate eye drops to increase the intraocular pressure may be adversely affected by systemically administered medicinal products with anticholinergic activity. In patients receiving concomitant ocular hypotensive therapy, the addition of loteprednol etabonate may increase intraocular pressure and decrease the apparent ocular hypotensive effect of these medicinal products.

Concurrent administration of cycloplegics may increase the risk of raised intraocular pressure.

Co-treatment with CYP3A inhibitors, including cobicistat-containing products, is expected to increase the risk of systemic side-effects. The combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweights the increased risk of systemic corticosteroid side-effects, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid side-effects.

Pregnancy

For Lotemax no clinical data on exposed pregnancies are available. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown and Lotemax should not be used in pregnancy unless clearly necessary.

Breastfeeding

It is not known whether loteprednol etabonate is excreted in human milk. Excretion of loteprednol etabonate in breast milk has not been investigated in animal studies. Therefore, the use of loteprednol etabonate is contraindicated in lactating women.

Fertility

There are no clinical data concerning the loteprednol etabonate influence on the fertility in humans.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.

If there are any transient effects on vision, the patient should be advised to wait until these subside before driving or operating machinery.

Reactions associated with ophthalmic steroids include elevated intraocular pressure in steroid responsive patients, which may be associated with optic nerve damage, visual acuity and field defects, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, secondary ocular infection from pathogens including herpes simplex, and perforation of the globe where there is thinning of the cornea or sclera.

Ocular adverse reactions occurring in patients treated with loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension in clinical studies included the following:

All undesirable effects have been classified as follows very common (>1/10), common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), rare (>1/10,000, <1/1000), or very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

In a summation of controlled, randomised studies of individuals treated for 28 days or longer with loteprednol etabonate, the incidence of significant elevation of intraocular pressure (≥ 10 mmHg) was 2% (15/901) among patients receiving loteprednol etabonate, 7% (11/164) among patients receiving 1% prednisolone acetate and 0.5% (3/583) among patients receiving placebo.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

No case of overdose has been reported. Acute overdosage is unlikely to occur via the ophthalmic route.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Corticosteroid, ATC code: S01BA14

Mechanism of action

Corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory response to inciting agents of mechanical, chemical or immunological nature. No generally accepted explanation of this steroid property has been advanced.

Pharmacodynamic effect

Loteprednol etabonate is a new class of corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory activity designed to be active at the site of action. Its anti-inflammatory activity is similar to the most powerful steroid used in ophthalmology but with less intraocular pressure. Animal studies have shown that loteprednol etabonate has a binding affinity to steroid receptors that is 4.3 times greater than dexamethasone. This new class of steroids consists of bioactive molecules whose in-vivo transformation to non-toxic substances can be predicted from their chemistry and knowledge of enzymatic pathways in the body. Cortienic acid is an inactive metabolite of hydrocortisone and analogs of cortienic acid are also devoid of corticosteroid activity. Loteprednol etabonate is an ester derivative of one of these analogs, cortienic acid etabonate.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Placebo controlled studies demonstrated that Lotemax is significantly more effective than placebo for the treatment of external ocular inflammation.

Corticosteroids are capable of producing a rise in intraocular pressure in susceptible individuals. In a small study, Lotemax demonstrated a significantly longer time to produce a rise in pressure than did prednisolone acetate. The overall incidence of patients who had an intraocular pressure elevation of ≥ 10 mm Hg was lower in the Lotemax treated patients. In many patients treated with Lotemax the ultimate rise in intraocular pressure never achieved the levels seen in patients treated with prednisolone acetate. In clinical trials only 2% of all patients had an intraocular pressure elevation of ≥ 10 mm Hg. In the small percentage of patients who did show a significant rise in intraocular pressure, pressure rapidly returned to normal on discontinuation of the medicinal products.

Paediatric population

There are no data available in the paediatric population.

Results from oral and ocular administration of Lotemax in normal volunteers have shown that there are low or undetectable concentrations of either unchanged material or the metabolite. Results from a bioavailability study established that plasma concentrations of loteprednol etabonate following ocular administration of one drop in each eye of Lotemax eight times daily for 2 days or four times daily for 42 days were below the limit of quantitation (1 ng/mL) and detection (500 pg/mL) at all sampling times. In the same study, plasma cortisol concentrations were measured and no evidence of adrenal cortex suppression was observed. All cortisol measurements were within normal range. This study suggests that limited, if any, systemic absorption occurs with Lotemax.

Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity and genotoxicity.

Embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects were observed in reproductive toxicity studies in rabbits (delayed ossification, increased incidence of meningocele, abnormal left carotid artery and limb flexures) at oral doses 35 times the maximum daily clinical dose and in rats (decreased foetal body weight and skeletal ossification, absent innominate artery, cleft palate and umbilical hernia) at oral doses greater than 60 times the maximum daily clinical dose.

Mild ocular irritation was noted with both the acute and multidose rabbit ocular studies.

Disodium Edetate

Glycerol

Povidone

Purified Water

Tyloxapol

Hydrochloric Acid (pH adjuster)

Sodium Hydroxide (pH adjuster)

Benzalkonium Chloride

In the absence of incompatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

2.5 mL: 15 months (unopened).

5 mL, 10 mL: 2 years (unopened).

Discard any unused contents 28 days after first opening the bottle.

Do not store above 25° C. Do not freeze.

Store the container in an upright position.

Lotemax is available in the following packaging configurations:

2.5 mL and 5 mL supplied in a white low density polyethylene bottle (7.5 mL) with a white control drop tip and a pink polypropylene cap.

10 mL supplied in a white low density polyethylene bottle (10 mL) with a white control drop tip and a pink polypropylene cap.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

Store the container in an upright position.