REKAMBYS is indicated, in combination with cabotegravir injection, for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in adults who are virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL) on a stable antiretroviral regimen without present or past evidence of viral resistance to, and no prior virological failure with, agents of the NNRTI and INI class (see sections 4.2, 4.4 and 5.1).

Therapy should be prescribed by a physician experienced in the management of HIV infection. Each injection should be administered by a healthcare professional.

Prior to starting REKAMBYS, the healthcare professional should carefully select patients who agree to the required injection schedule and counsel patients about the importance of adherence to scheduled dosing visits to help maintain viral suppression and reduce the risk of viral rebound and potential development of resistance associated with missed doses.

Following discontinuation of REKAMBYS in combination with cabotegravir injection, it is essential to adopt an alternative, fully suppressive antiretroviral regimen no later than one month after the last every 1 month injection of REKAMBYS or two months after the last every 2 months injection of REKAMBYS (see section 4.4).

The prescribing information for cabotegravir injection should be consulted for recommended dosing.

Posology

REKAMBYS may be initiated with oral lead-in or without (direct to injection).

The healthcare professional and patient may decide to use rilpivirine tablets as an oral lead-in prior to the initiation of REKAMBYS injections to assess tolerability (see Table 1), or proceed directly to REKAMBYS therapy (see Tables 2 and 3, for monthly and every 2 months dosing recommendations, respectively).

Oral lead-in

When used for oral lead-in prior to the initiation of REKAMBYS, rilpivirine oral tablets, together with cabotegravir oral tablets, should be taken for approximately 1 month (at least 28 days) to assess tolerability to rilpivirine and cabotegravir. One rilpivirine 25-mg tablet should be taken with a meal with one cabotegravir 30-mg tablet once daily (see Table 1).

Every 1 month dosing

Initiation injection (900 mg corresponding to 3 mL)

On the final day of current antiretroviral therapy or oral lead-in, the recommended initiation injection dose of rilpivirine in adults is a single 900 mg intramuscular injection.

Continuation injection (600 mg corresponding to 2 mL)

After the initiation injection, the recommended continuation injection dose of rilpivirine in adults is a single 600 mg monthly intramuscular injection. Patients may be given injections up to 7 days before or after the date of the monthly injection schedule.

Every 2 months dosing

Initiation Injections – 1 month apart (900 mg corresponding to 3 mL)

On the final day of current antiretroviral therapy or oral lead-in, the recommended initial rilpivirine injection dose in adults is a single 900 mg intramuscular injection.

One month later, a second 900 mg intramuscular injection should be administered. Patients may be given the second 900 mg injection up to 7 days before or after the scheduled dosing date.

Continuation Injections – 2 months apart (900 mg corresponding to 3 mL)

After the initiation injections, the recommended rilpivirine continuation injection dose in adults is a single 900 mg intramuscular injection administered every 2 months. Patients may be given injections up to 7 days before or after the date of the every 2 months injection schedule.

Dosing Recommendations When Switching From Monthly to Every 2 Months Injections

Patients switching from a monthly continuation injection schedule to an every 2 months continuation injection schedule should receive a single 900 mg intramuscular injection of REKAMBYS one month after the last 600 mg REKAMBYS continuation injection dose and then 900 mg every 2 months thereafter.

Dosing Recommendations When Switching From Every 2 Months to Monthly Injections

Patients switching from an every 2 months continuation injection schedule to a monthly continuation injection schedule should receive a single 600 mg intramuscular injection of REKAMBYS two months after the last 900 mg REKAMBYS continuation injection dose and then 600 mg monthly thereafter.

Missed doses

Patients who miss an injection visit should be clinically reassessed to ensure resumption of therapy is appropriate. See Table 4 and 5 for dosing recommendations after a missed injection.

Missed every 1 month injection (Oral Dosing to Replace Up to 2 Consecutive Monthly Injections)

If a patient plans to miss a scheduled injection by more than 7 days, daily oral therapy (one rilpivirine tablet [25 mg] and one cabotegravir tablet [30 mg]) may be used to replace up to 2 consecutive monthly injection visits. Limited data is available on oral bridging with other fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) (mainly INI-based), see section 5.1.

The first dose of oral therapy should be taken 1 month (± 7 days) after the last injection doses of REKAMBYS and cabotegravir. Injection dosing should be resumed on the day oral dosing completes, as recommended in Table 4.

In case more than two months need to be covered for, i.e., missing more than two monthly injections, an alternative oral regimen should be initiated one month (± 7 days) after the final injection of REKAMBYS.

Table 4 REKAMBYS dosing recommendations after missed injections or oral therapy for patients on monthly injection dosing

Missed every 2 months injection (Oral Dosing to Replace 1 Every 2 Months Injection)

If a patient plans to miss a scheduled injection visit by more than 7 days, daily oral therapy (one rilpivirine tablet [25 mg] and one cabotegravir tablet [30 mg]) may be used to replace one 'every 2 months' injection visit. Limited data is available on oral bridging with other fully suppressive ART (mainly INI-based), see section 5.1.

The first dose of oral therapy should be taken approximately two months (± 7 days) after the last injection doses of REKAMBYS and cabotegravir. Injection dosing should be resumed on the day oral dosing completes, as recommended in Table 5.

In case more than two months need to be covered for, i.e., missing more than one 'every 2 months' injection, an alternative oral regimen should be initiated two months (± 7 days) after the final injection of REKAMBYS.

Special populations

Elderly

There is limited information regarding the use of REKAMBYS in patients > 65 years of age. No dose adjustment of REKAMBYS is required in older patients (see sections 5.1 and 5.2).

Renal impairment

No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. In patients with severe renal impairment or end stage renal disease, the combination of REKAMBYS with a strong CYP3A inhibitor should only be used if the benefit outweighs the risk. Subjects with estimated creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min/1.73 m² were not included in the Phase 3 studies. No data are available in subjects receiving dialysis although differences in pharmacokinetics are not expected in this population (see section 5.2).

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score A or B), but caution is advised in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. No data are available in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score C); therefore REKAMBYS is not recommended in these patients (see section 5.2).

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of REKAMBYS in children and adolescents aged < 18 years have not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

For intramuscular use.

Care should be taken to avoid inadvertent injection of REKAMBYS into a blood vessel. The suspension should be injected slowly (see section 4.4).

Prior to administration, the REKAMBYS vial should be brought to room temperature.

REKAMBYS should be administered by a healthcare professional. For instructions on administration, see “ Instructions for Use” in the package leaflet.

These instructions should be carefully followed when preparing the suspension for injection to avoid leakage.

REKAMBYS should always be co-administered with a cabotegravir injection. REKAMBYS and cabotegravir injections should be administered at separate gluteal injection sites during the same visit. The order of injections is not important.

When administering REKAMBYS, the healthcare professional should take into consideration the body mass index (BMI) of the patient to ensure that the needle length is sufficient to reach the gluteus muscle. The pack contains 1 injection needle (see section 6.5).

The vial should be held firmly and shaken vigorously for a full 10 seconds. The vial should be inverted and the resuspension should be checked. It should look uniform. If the suspension is not uniform, the vial should be shaken again. It is normal to see small air bubbles.

Injections must be administered to the ventrogluteal (recommended) or the dorsogluteal sites.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

REKAMBYS must not be co-administered with the following medicinal products, as significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations may occur (due to CYP3A enzyme induction), which may result in loss of therapeutic effect of REKAMBYS (see section 4.5):

- the anticonvulsants carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin

- the antimycobacterials rifabutin, rifampicin, rifapentine

- the systemic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, except as a single dose treatment

- St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).

If virologic failure is suspected, an alternative regimen should be adopted as soon as possible.

Long-acting properties of rilpivirine injection

Residual concentrations of rilpivirine may remain in the systemic circulation of patients for prolonged periods (up to 4 years in some patients) and should be considered upon discontinuation of REKAMBYS (see sections 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.9).

Baseline factors associated with virological failure

Before starting the regimen, it should be taken into account that multivariable analyses indicate that a combination of at least 2 of the following baseline factors may be associated with an increased risk of virological failure: archived rilpivirine resistance mutations, HIV-1 subtype A6/A1, or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². Available data suggest that virologic failure occurs more often when these patients are treated according to the every 2 month dosing schedule as compared to the monthly dosing regimen. In patients with an incomplete or uncertain treatment history without pre-treatment resistance analyses, caution is warranted in the presence of either BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² or HIV-1 subtype A6/A1 (see section 5.1).

Post-injection reactions

Accidental intravenous administration may result in AEs due to temporarily high plasma concentrations. In clinical studies, serious post-injection reactions were reported within minutes after the injection of rilpivirine. These events included symptoms such as dyspnoea, bronchospasm, agitation, abdominal cramping, rash/urticaria, dizziness, flushing, sweating, oral numbness, changes in blood pressure, and pain (e.g., back and chest). These events were very rare and began to resolve within minutes after the injection. Some of the patients received symptomatic treatment, at the discretion of the treating physician.

Carefully follow the Instructions for Use when preparing and administering REKAMBYS (see section 4.2). Observe patients briefly (approximately 10 minutes) after the injection. If a patient experiences a post-injection reaction, monitor and treat as clinically indicated.

Cardiovascular

REKAMBYS should be used with caution when co-administered with a medicinal product with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes. At supra-therapeutic doses (75 and 300 mg once daily), oral rilpivirine has been associated with prolongation of the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram (ECG) (see sections 4.5, 4.8 and 5.2). Oral rilpivirine at the recommended dose of 25 mg once daily is not associated with a clinically relevant effect on QTc. Plasma rilpivirine concentrations after REKAMBYS injections are comparable to those during such oral rilpivirine therapy.

HBV/HCV co-infection

Patients with hepatitis B co-infection were excluded from studies with REKAMBYS. It is not recommended to initiate REKAMBYS in patients with hepatitis B co-infection. In patients co-infected with hepatitis B receiving oral rilpivirine, the incidence of hepatic enzyme elevation was higher than in patients receiving oral rilpivirine who were not hepatitis B co-infected. Physicians should refer to current treatment guidelines for the management of HIV infection in patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus.

Limited data is available in patients with hepatitis C co-infection. In patients co-infected with hepatitis C receiving oral rilpivirine, the incidence of hepatic enzyme elevation was higher than in patients receiving oral rilpivirine who were not hepatitis C co-infected. The pharmacokinetic exposure of oral and injectable rilpivirine in co-infected patients was comparable to that in patients without hepatitis C co-infection. Monitoring of liver function is recommended in patients with hepatitis C co-infection.

Interactions with other medicinal products

REKAMBYS should not be administered with other antiretroviral medicinal products, except for cabotegravir injection for the treatment of HIV-1 infection (see section 4.5).

Pregnancy

There are limited data of REKAMBYS in pregnant women. REKAMBYS is not recommended during pregnancy unless the expected benefit justifies the potential risk. Lower exposures of oral rilpivirine were observed when rilpivirine 25 mg once daily was taken during pregnancy. In the Phase 3 studies with oral rilpivirine, lower rilpivirine exposure, similar to that seen during pregnancy, has been associated with an increased risk of virological failure, therefore viral load should be monitored closely. Alternatively, switching to another ART regimen could be considered (see sections 4.6, 5.1 and 5.2).

Immune reactivation syndrome

In HIV-infected patients with severe immune deficiency at the time of institution of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART), an inflammatory reaction to asymptomatic or residual opportunistic pathogens may arise and cause serious clinical conditions, or aggravation of symptoms. Typically, such reactions have been observed within the first few weeks or months of initiation of CART. Relevant examples are cytomegalovirus retinitis, generalised and/or focal mycobacterial infections, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Any inflammatory symptoms should be evaluated and treatment instituted when necessary. Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease and autoimmune hepatitis) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution, however, the reported time to onset is more variable and these events can occur many months after initiation of treatment.

Opportunistic infections

Patients should be advised that REKAMBYS or any other antiretroviral therapy does not cure HIV infection and that they may still develop opportunistic infections and other complications of HIV infection. Therefore, patients should remain under close clinical observation by physicians experienced in the treatment of these associated HIV diseases.

Excipients

This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per injection, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.

REKAMBYS, in combination with cabotegravir injection, is intended for use as a complete regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection and should not be administered with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of HIV-1. Therefore, information regarding drug-drug interactions with other antiretroviral medicinal products is not provided. From a drug interaction perspective, there are no limitations on the use of other antiretroviral medicinal products after discontinuing REKAMBYS.

For the oral lead-in rilpivirine treatment and in case missed doses are replaced by oral rilpivirine treatment, refer to the oral rilpivirine tablet SmPC for information about drug interactions.

Medicinal products that affect rilpivirine exposure

Rilpivirine is primarily metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A. Medicinal products that induce or inhibit CYP3A may thus affect the clearance of rilpivirine (see section 5.2). Co-administration of rilpivirine and medicinal products that induce CYP3A has been observed to decrease the plasma concentrations of rilpivirine, which could reduce the therapeutic effect of rilpivirine.

Co-administration of rilpivirine and medicinal products that inhibit CYP3A has been observed to increase the plasma concentrations of rilpivirine.

When using oral rilpivirine, proton pump inhibitors are contraindicated (see rilpivirine tablet SmPC, section 4.3).

Medicinal products that are affected by the use of rilpivirine

Rilpivirine is not likely to have a clinically relevant effect on the exposure of medicinal products metabolised by CYP enzymes.

Rilpivirine inhibits P-glycoprotein in vitro (IC₅₀ is 9.2 μ M). In a clinical study, oral rilpivirine (25 mg once daily) did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of digoxin.

Rilpivirine is an in vitro inhibitor of the transporter MATE-2K with an IC₅₀ of < 2.7 nM. The clinical implications of this finding are currently unknown.

Interaction table

Selected established and theoretical interactions between rilpivirine and co-administered medicinal products are listed in Table 6 and are based on the studies conducted with oral rilpivirine or are potential drug interactions that may occur (increase is indicated as “ ↑ ” , decrease as “ ↓ ” , no change as “ ↔ ” , not applicable as “ NA” , confidence interval as “ CI” ).

QT prolonging medicinal products

Oral rilpivirine at the recommended dose of 25 mg once daily is not associated with a clinically relevant effect on QTc. Rilpivirine plasma concentrations after REKAMBYS injections at the recommended dose of 600 mg monthly or 900 mg every 2 months, are comparable to those achieved with oral rilpivirine at a dose of 25 mg qd. In a study of healthy subjects, supratherapeutic doses of oral rilpivirine (75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily) have been shown to prolong the QTc interval of the ECG (see section 5.1). REKAMBYS should be used with caution when co-administered with a medicinal product with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes (see section 4.4).

Pregnancy

The effect of REKAMBYS on human pregnancy is unknown.

A moderate amount of data with oral rilpivirine in pregnant women (between 300-1000 pregnancy outcomes) indicate no malformative or foetal/neonatal toxicity of rilpivirine.

A study of 19 pregnant women treated with oral rilpivirine in combination with a background regimen during the second and third trimesters, and postpartum, showed lower exposures of oral rilpivirine during pregnancy, therefore viral load should be monitored closely if REKAMBYS is used during pregnancy.

Animal studies do not indicate reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).

REKAMBYS is not recommended during pregnancy unless the expected benefit justifies the potential risk.

An alternative oral regimen should be considered in line with current treatment guidelines. After discontinuation of REKAMBYS, rilpivirine may remain in systemic circulation for up to 4 years in some patients (see section 4.4).

Breast-feeding

It is expected that rilpivirine will be secreted into human milk based on animal data, although this has not been confirmed in humans. Rilpivirine may be present in human milk for up to 4 years in some patients after discontinuation of REKAMBYS.

In order to avoid transmission of HIV to the infant it is recommended that women living with HIV do not breast-feed.

Fertility

No human data on the effect of rilpivirine on fertility are available. No clinically relevant effects on fertility were seen in animal studies (see section 5.3).

Patients should be informed that fatigue, dizziness and somnolence could occur when treated with REKAMBYS (see section 4.8).

Summary of the safety profile

The most frequently reported ARs from every 1 month dosing studies were injection site reactions (up to 84%), headache (up to 12%) and pyrexia (10%).

The most frequently reported ARs from every 2 months dosing were injection site reactions (76%), headache (7%) and pyrexia (7%).

Tabulated summary of adverse reactions

The ARs identified for rilpivirine and/or cabotegravir are listed by system organ class (SOC) and frequency (see Table 7). Frequencies are defined as very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10) and uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100).

The overall safety profile at Week 96 and Week 124 in the FLAIR study was consistent with that observed at Week 48, with no new safety findings identified. In the extension phase of the FLAIR study, initiating the rilpivirine plus cabotegravir injection regimen without oral lead-in (direct to injection) was not associated with any new safety concerns related to omitting the oral lead-in phase.

Description of selected adverse reactions

Local Injection Site Reactions (ISRs)

Up to 1% of subjects discontinued treatment with rilpivirine and cabotegravir injections because of ISRs.

Injection site reactions were generally mild (Grade 1, 70%-75% of subjects) or moderate (Grade 2, 27%-36% of subjects). 3-4% of subjects experienced severe (Grade 3) ISRs. The median duration of ISR events was 3 days. The percentage of subjects reporting ISRs decreased over time.

Weight increased

At the Week 48 time point, subjects in Phase 3 Studies FLAIR and ATLAS, who received rilpivirine plus cabotegravir gained a median of 1.5 kg in weight; subjects continuing on their current antiretroviral regimen (CAR) group gained a median of 1.0 kg (pooled analysis).

In the individual studies FLAIR and ATLAS, the median weight gains in the rilpivirine plus cabotegravir arms were 1.3 kg and 1.8 kg, respectively, compared to 1.5 kg and 0.3 kg in the CAR arms.

At the 48 week timepoint, in ATLAS-2M the median weight gain in both the monthly and every 2 months rilpivirine+cabotegravir dosing arms was 1.0 kg.

Changes in laboratory chemistry

Elevated transaminases (ALT/AST) were observed in subjects receiving rilpivirine plus cabotegravir during the clinical studies. These elevations were primarily attributed to acute viral hepatitis. A few subjects on oral rilpivirine plus oral cabotegravir treatment had transaminase elevations attributed to suspected drug-related hepatotoxicity; these changes were reversible upon discontinuation of treatment.

Small, non-progressive increases in total bilirubin (without clinical jaundice) were observed with treatment with rilpivirine plus cabotegravir. These changes are not considered clinically relevant as they likely reflect competition between cabotegravir and unconjugated bilirubin for a common clearance pathway (UGT1A1).

Elevated lipases were observed during clinical trials with rilpivirine plus cabotegravir. Grade 3 and 4 lipase increases occurred at a higher incidence with rilpivirine plus cabotegravir compared with CAR. These elevations were generally asymptomatic and did not lead to rilpivirine plus cabotegravir discontinuation. One case of fatal pancreatitis with Grade 4 lipase and confounding factors (including history of pancreatitis) has been reported in study ATLAS-2M for which the causality to the injection regimen could not be ruled out.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medical product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

There is currently limited experience with REKAMBYS overdose. If overdose occurs, the patient should be treated supportively and as clinically indicated, with monitoring of vital signs and ECG (QT interval), as necessary. Since rilpivirine is highly bound to plasma protein, dialysis is unlikely to result in significant removal of the active substance.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiviral for systemic use, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, ATC code: J05AG05

Mechanism of action

Rilpivirine is a diarylpyrimidine non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of HIV-1. Rilpivirine activity is mediated by non-competitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Rilpivirine does not inhibit the human cellular DNA polymerases α , β and γ .

Antiviral activity in vitro

Rilpivirine exhibited activity against laboratory strains of wild-type HIV-1 in an acutely infected T-cell line with a median EC₅₀ value for HIV-1/IIIB of 0.73 nM (0.27 ng/mL). Although rilpivirine demonstrated limited in vitro activity against HIV-2 with EC₅₀ values ranging from 2,510 to 10,830 nM (920 to 3,970 ng/mL), treatment of HIV-2 infection with rilpivirine is not recommended in the absence of clinical data.

Rilpivirine also demonstrated antiviral activity against a broad panel of HIV-1 group M (subtype A, B, C, D, F, G, H) primary isolates with EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.07 to 1.01 nM (0.03 to 0.37 ng/mL) and group O primary isolates with EC₅₀ values ranging from 2.88 to 8.45 nM (1.06 to 3.10 ng/mL).

Resistance

Considering all of the available in vitro data and in vivo data generated with oral rilpivirine in previously untreated patients, the following resistance-associated mutations, when present at baseline, may affect the activity of rilpivirine: K101E, K101P, E138A, E138G, E138K, E138R, E138Q, V179L, Y181C, Y181I, Y181V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C, M230I, M230L, and the combination of L100I and K103N.

In cell culture

Rilpivirine-resistant strains were selected in cell culture starting from wild-type HIV-1 of different origins and subtypes as well as NNRTI resistant HIV-1. The most commonly observed resistance-associated mutations that emerged included L100I, K101E, V108I, E138K, V179F, Y181C, H221Y, F227C and M230I.

Virologically suppressed patients

The number of subjects who met confirmed virologic failure (CVF) criteria was low across the pooled Phase 3 studies ATLAS and FLAIR. There were 7 CVFs on rilpivirine plus cabotegravir (7/591, 1.2%) and 7 CVFs on current antiretroviral regimen (7/591, 1.2%) through week 48. In the rilpivirine plus cabotegravir group in the pooled analysis, 5/591 (0.8%) subjects had resistance development: 5/591 (0.8%) and 4/591 (0.7%) with resistance-associated mutations to rilpivirine (K101E [n=1], E138A/E/K/T [n=1], E138A [n=1], or E138K [n=2]) and/or cabotegravir (G140R [n=1], Q148R [n=2], or N155H [n=1]), respectively. The 4 CVFs on cabotegravir plus rilpivirine in FLAIR had HIV-1 subtype A1 (n=3) or AG (n=1). One CVF in FLAIR never received an injection. The 3 CVFs on cabotegravir plus rilpivirine in ATLAS had HIV-1 subtype A, A1, or AG. In 2 of these 3 CVFs the rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations observed at failure were also observed at baseline in PBMC HIV-1 DNA.

In the ATLAS-2M study 10 subjects met CVF criteria through week 48: 8/522 (1.5%) in the Q8W arm and 2/523 (0.4%) in the Q4W arm. In the Q8W group 5/522 (1.0%) had resistance development: 4/522 (0.8%) and 5/522 (1.0%) with resistance-associated mutations to rilpivirine (E138A [n=1], E138K [n=1], K101E [n=2], or Y188L [n=1]) and/or cabotegravir (Q148R [n=3] or N155H [n=4]), respectively. In the Q4W group 2/523 (0.4%) had resistance development: 1/523 (0.2%) and 2/523 (0.4%) had rilpivirine (K101E [n=1], M230L [n=1]) and/or cabotegravir (E138K [n=1], Q148R [n=1], or N155H [n=1]) resistance-associated mutations, respectively. At baseline in the Q8W arm, 5 subjects had rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations and 1 of those subjects carried a cabotegravir resistance-associated mutation. Neither subject in the Q4W arm had any rilpivirine or cabotegravir resistance-assocaiated mutation at baseline. The 10 CVFs on cabotegravir plus rilpivirine in ATLAS-2M had HIV-1 subtype A (n=1), A1 (n=2), B (n=4), C (n=2), or Complex (n=1).

Cross-resistance

Site-directed NNRTI mutant virus

In a panel of 67 HIV-1 recombinant laboratory strains with one mutation at RT positions associated with NNRTI resistance, including the most commonly found K103N and Y181C, rilpivirine showed antiviral activity against 64 (96%) of these strains. The single resistance-associated mutations associated with a loss of susceptibility to rilpivirine were: K101P, Y181I and Y181V. The K103N mutation did not result in reduced susceptibility to rilpivirine by itself, but the combination of K103N and L100I resulted in a 7-fold reduced susceptibility to rilpivirine.

Recombinant clinical isolates

Rilpivirine retained sensitivity (fold change ≤ biological cut-off) against 62% of 4,786 HIV-1 recombinant clinical isolates resistant to efavirenz and/or nevirapine.

Virologically suppressed patients

In the week 48 analysis of the Phase 3 studies ATLAS and FLAIR, 5/7 CVFs had phenotypic resistance against rilpivirine at failure. Among these 5 patients, phenotypic cross-resistance was observed against efavirenz (n=4), etravirine (n=3), and nevirapine (n=4).

Effects on electrocardiogram

No effect on QTcF interval was shown for oral rilpivirine at the recommended dose of 25 mg once daily in a randomised, placebo and active (moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily) controlled crossover study in 60 healthy adults, with 13 measurements over 24 hours at steady-state. Plasma rilpivirine concentrations after REKAMBYS injections are comparable to those achieved with oral rilpivirine at dose of 25 mg qd. REKAMBYS at the recommended dose of 600 mg monthly or 900 mg every 2 months is not associated with a clinically relevant effect on QTc.

When supratherapeutic doses of 75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily of oral rilpivirine were studied in healthy adults, the maximum mean time-matched (95% upper confidence bound) differences in QTcF interval from placebo after baseline correction were 10.7 (15.3) and 23.3 (28.4) ms, respectively. Steady-state administration of oral rilpivirine 75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily resulted in a mean C_max approximately 4.4-fold and 11.6-fold, respectively, higher than the mean steady-state C_max observed with the recommended 600 mg once monthly dose of REKAMBYS. Steady state administration of oral rilpivirine 75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily resulted in a mean C_max approximately 4.1-fold and 10.7-fold, respectively, higher than the mean steady state C_max observed with the recommended 900 mg every 2 months dose of REKAMBYS.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Every 1 month dosing

The efficacy of REKAMBYS plus cabotegravir injection has been evaluated in two Phase 3 randomised, multicentre, active-controlled, parallel-arm, open-label, non-inferiority studies, FLAIR (201584) and ATLAS (201585). The primary analysis was conducted after all subjects completed their week 48 visit or discontinued the study prematurely.

Patients virologically suppressed (on prior dolutegravir-based regimen for 20 weeks)

In FLAIR, 629 HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naive subjects received a dolutegravir integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INI) containing regimen for 20 weeks (either dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine or dolutegravir + 2 other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors if subjects were HLA-B*5701 positive). Subjects who were virologically suppressed (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies per mL, n=566) were then randomised (1:1) to receive either a rilpivirine plus cabotegravir regimen or remain on the CAR. Subjects randomised to receive the rilpivirine plus cabotegravir regimen, initiated treatment with oral lead-in dosing with a cabotegravir (30 mg) tablet plus a rilpivirine (25 mg) tablet once daily for at least 4 weeks, followed by treatment with cabotegravir injection (month 1: 600 mg, month 2 onwards: 400 mg injection) plus rilpivirine injection (month 1: 900 mg injection, month 2 onwards: 600 mg injection), monthly, for up to 96 weeks.

Patients virologically suppressed (stable on prior ART for at least 6 months)

In ATLAS, 616 HIV-1-infected, ART-experienced, virologically-suppressed (for at least 6 months) subjects (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies per mL) were randomised (1:1) and received either a rilpivirine plus cabotegravir regimen or remained on the CAR. Subjects randomised to receive the rilpivirine plus cabotegravir regimen initiated treatment with oral lead-in dosing with a cabotegravir (30 mg) tablet plus a rilpivirine (25 mg) tablet once daily for at least 4 weeks, followed by treatment with cabotegravir injection (month 1: 600 mg, month 2 onwards: 400 mg injection) plus rilpivirine injection (month 1: 900 mg injection, month 2 onwards: 600 mg injection), monthly, for an additional 44 weeks. In ATLAS, 50%, 17%, and 33% of subjects received an NNRTI, PI, or INI (respectively) as their baseline third treatment agent class prior to randomisation and this was similar between treatment arms.

Pooled Phase 3 studies

At baseline, in the pooled analysis, in the rilpivirine plus cabotegravir arm the median age of subjects was 38 years, 27% were female, 27% were non-white, 1% were ≥ 65 years and 7% had CD4+ cell count less than 350 cells per mm³; these characteristics were similar between treatment arms.

The primary endpoint of both studies was the proportion of subjects with plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL at week 48 (snapshot algorithm for the ITT-E population).

In a pooled analysis of the two Phase 3 studies, rilpivirine plus cabotegravir was non-inferior to CAR on the proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL (1.9% and 1.7%, respectively) at week 48. The adjusted treatment difference between rilpivirine plus cabotegravir and CAR (0.2; 95% CI: -1.4, 1.7) met the non-inferiority criterion (upper bound of the 95% CI below 4%) [See Table 8].

The primary endpoint and other week 48 outcomes, including outcomes by key baseline factors, for FLAIR, ATLAS, and pooled data are shown in Table 8 and Table 9.

In the FLAIR and ATLAS studies, treatment differences across baseline characteristics (CD4+ count, gender, age, race, BMI, baseline third agent treatment class) were comparable.

Week 96 FLAIR

In the FLAIR study at 96 Weeks, the results remained consistent with the results at 48 Weeks. The proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL in rilpivirine plus cabotegravir (n=283) and CAR (n=283) was 3.2% and 3.2%, respectively (adjusted treatment difference between REKAMBYS plus cabotegravir and CAR [0.0; 95% CI: -2.9, 2.9]). The proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA < 50 c/mL in REKAMBYS plus cabotegravir and CAR was 87% and 89%, respectively (adjusted treatment difference between REKAMBYS plus cabotegravir and CAR [-2.8; 95% CI: -8.2, 2.5]).

Week 124 FLAIR Direct to Injection versus Oral Lead-In

In the FLAIR study, an evaluation of safety and efficacy was performed at Week 124 for patients electing to switch at Week 100 from abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine to rilpivirine plus cabotegravir in the Extension Phase. Subjects were given the option to switch with or without an oral lead-in phase, creating an oral lead-in group and a direct to injection group.

At Week 124, the proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL was 1/121 (0.8%) and 1/111 (0.9%) for the oral lead-in and direct to injection groups, respectively. The rates of virologic suppression (HIV-1 RNA < 50 c/mL) were similar in both the oral lead-in group (113/121 [93.4%]) and direct to injection group (110/111 [99.1%]).

Every 2 months dosing

Patients virologically suppressed (stable on prior ART for at least 6 months)

The efficacy and safety of rilpivirine injection given every 2 months, has been evaluated in one Phase 3b randomised, multicentre, parallel-arm, open-label, non-inferiority study, ATLAS-2M (207966). The primary analysis was conducted after all subjects completed their week 48 visit or discontinued the study prematurely.

In ATLAS-2M, 1045 HIV-1 infected, ART-experienced, virologically suppressed subjects were randomised (1:1) and received a rilpivirine plus cabotegravir injection regimen administered either every 2 months or monthly. Subjects initially on non-cabotegravir/rilpivirine treatment received oral lead-in treatment comprising one rilpivirine tablet (25 mg) plus one cabotegravir tablet (30 mg), daily, for at least 4 weeks. Subjects randomised to monthly rilpivirine injections (month 1: 900 mg injection, month 2 onwards: 600 mg injection) and cabotegravir injections (month 1: 600 mg injection, month 2 onwards: 400 mg injection administered) received treatment for an additional 44 weeks. Subjects randomised to every 2 months rilpivirine injections (900 mg injection at months 1, 2, 4 and every 2 months thereafter) and cabotegravir injections (600 mg injection at months 1, 2, 4 and every 2 months thereafter) received treatment for an additional 44 weeks. Prior to randomisation, 63%, 13% and 24% of subjects received rilpivirine plus cabotegravir for 0 weeks, 1 to 24 weeks and > 24 weeks, respectively.

At baseline, the median age of subjects was 42 years, 27% were female, 27% were non-white, 4% were ≥ 65 years, and 6% had a CD4+ cell count less than 350 cells per mm³; these characteristics were similar between the treatment arms.

The primary endpoint in ATLAS-2M was the proportion of subjects with a plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL at week 48 (snapshot algorithm for the ITT-E population).

In ATLAS-2M, rilpivirine plus cabotegravir administered every 2 months was non-inferior to cabotegravir and rilpivirine administered every month on the proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL (1.7% and 1.0% respectively) at week 48. The adjusted treatment difference between cabotegravir plus rilpivirine administered every 2 months and every month (0.8; 95% CI: -0.6, 2.2) met the non-inferiority criterion (upper bound of the 95% CI below 4%).

In the ATLAS-2M study, treatment differences on the primary endpoint across baseline characteristics (CD4+ lymphocyte count, gender, race, BMI, age and prior exposure to cabotegravir/rilpivirine) were not clinically meaningful.

The efficacy results at Week 96 are consistent with the results of the primary endpoint at Week 48. Rilpivirine plus cabotegravir injections administered every 2 months is non-inferior to rilpivirine and cabotegravir administered every month. The proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL at Week 96 in rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing (n=522) and rilpivirine plus cabotegravir monthly dosing (n=523) was 2.1% and 1.1% respectively (adjusted treatment difference between rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing and monthly dosing [1.0; 95% CI: -0.6, 2.5]). The proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 c/mL at Week 96 in rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing and rilpivirine plus cabotegravir monthly dosing was 91% and 90.2% respectively (adjusted treatment difference between rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing and monthly dosing [0.8; 95% CI: -2.8, 4.3]).

The efficacy results at Week 152 are consistent with the results of the primary endpoint at Week 48 and at Week 96. Rilpivirine plus cabotegravir injections administered every 2 months is non-inferior to rilpivirine and cabotegravir administered every month. In an ITT analysis, the proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 c/mL at Week 152 in rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing (n=522) and rilpivirine plus cabotegravir monthly dosing (n=523) was 2.7% and 1.0% respectively (adjusted treatment difference between rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing and monthly dosing [1.7; 95% CI: 0.1, 3.3]). In an ITT analysis, the proportion of subjects having plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 c/mL at Week 152 in rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing and rilpivirine plus cabotegravir monthly dosing was 87% and 86% respectively (adjusted treatment difference between rilpivirine plus cabotegravir every 2 months dosing and monthly dosing [1.5; 95% CI: -2.6, 5.6]).

Post-hoc analyses

Multivariable analyses of pooled Phase 3 studies (ATLAS through 96 weeks, FLAIR through 124 weeks, ATLAS-2M through 152 weeks)examined the influence of various factors on the risk of CVF. The baseline factors analysis (BFA) examined baseline viral and participants characteristics and dosing regimen; and the multivariable analysis (MVA) included the baseline factors and incorporated post-baseline predicted plasma drug concentrations on CVF using regression modelling with a variable selection procedure. Following a total of 4291 person-years, the unadjusted CVF incidence rate was 0.54 per 100 person-years; 23 CVFs were reported (1.4% of 1651 individuals in these studies).

The BFA demonstrated rilpivirine resistance mutations (incidence rate ratio IRR=21.65, p<0.0001), HIV-1 subtype A6/A1 (IRR=12.87, p<0.0001), and body mass index IRR=1.09 per 1 unit increase, p=0.04; IRR=3.97 of ≥ 30 kg/m2, p=0.01) were associated with CVF. Other variables including Q4W or Q8W dosing, female gender, or CAB/INSTI resistance mutations had no significant association with CVF. A combination of at least 2 of the following key baseline factors was associated with an increased risk of CVF: rilpivirine resistance associated mutations, HIV-1 subtype A6/A1, or BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (Table 12).

In patients with at least two of these risk factors, the proportion of subjects who had a CVF was higher than observed in patients with none or one risk factor, with CVF identified in 6/24 patients [25.0%, 95% CI (9.8%, 46.7%)] treated with the every 2 months dosing regimen and 5/33 patients [15.2%, 95% CI (5.1%, 31.9%)] treated with the monthly dosing regimen.

Oral bridging with other ART

In a retrospective analysis of pooled data from 3 clinical studies (FLAIR, ATLAS-2M, and LATTE-2/study 200056), 29 subjects were included who received oral bridging for a median duration of 59 days (25^th and 75^th percentile 53-135) with ART other than rilpivirine plus cabotegravir (alternative oral bridging) during treatment with REKAMBYS plus cabotegravir long-acting (LA) intramuscular (IM) injections. The median age of subjects was 32 years, 14% were female, 31% were non-white, 97% received an integrase inhibitor (INI)-based regimen for alternative oral bridging, 41% received an NNRTI as part of their alternative oral bridging regimen (including rilpivirine in 11/12 cases) and 62% received an NRTI. Three subjects withdrew during oral bridging or shortly following oral bridging for non-safety reasons. The majority (≥ 96%) of subjects maintained virologic suppression (plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 c/mL). During bridging with alternative oral bridging and during the period following alternative oral bridging (up to 2 REKAMBYS plus cabotegravir injections following oral bridging), no cases of CVF (confirmed plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 200 c/mL) were observed.

Paediatric population

The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with REKAMBYS injection in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

The pharmacokinetic properties of REKAMBYS have been evaluated in healthy and HIV-1 infected adults.

Absorption

Rilpivirine prolonged-release injection exhibits absorption rate-limited kinetics (i.e., flip-flop pharmacokinetics) resulting from slow absorption from the gluteal muscle into the systemic circulation resulting in sustained rilpivirine plasma concentrations.

Following a single intramuscular dose, rilpivirine plasma concentrations are detectable the first day and gradually rise to reach maximum plasma concentrations after a median of 3-4 days. Rilpivirine has been detected in plasma up to 52 weeks or longer after administration of a single dose of REKAMBYS. After 1 year of monthly or every 2 months injections, approximately 80% of the rilpivirine pharmacokinetic steady-state exposure is reached.

Plasma rilpivirine exposure increases in proportion or slightly less than in proportion to dose following single and repeat IM injections of doses ranging from 300 to 1200 mg.

Distribution

Rilpivirine is approximately 99.7% bound to plasma proteins in vitro, primarily to albumin. Based on population pharmacokinetics analysis, the typical apparent volume of the central compartment (Vc/F) for rilpivirine after IM administration was estimated to be 132 L, reflecting a moderate distribution to peripheral tissues.

Rilpivirine is present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In HIV-1-infected subjects receiving a regimen of rilpivirine injection plus cabotegravir injection, the median rilpivirine CSF to plasma concentration ratio (n=16) was 1.07 to 1.32% (range: not quantifiable to 1.69%). Consistent with therapeutic rilpivirine concentrations in the CSF, CSF HIV-1 RNA (n=16) was < 50 c/mL in 100% and < 2 c/mL in 15/16 (94%) of subjects. At the same time point, plasma HIV-1 RNA (n=18) was < 50 c/mL in 100% and < 2 c/mL in 12/18 (66.7%) of subjects.

Biotransformation

In vitro experiments indicate that rilpivirine primarily undergoes oxidative metabolism mediated by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A system.

Elimination

The mean apparent half-life of rilpivirine following REKAMBYS administration is absorption rate-limited and was estimated to be 13-28 weeks.

The apparent plasma clearance (CL/F) of rilpivirine was estimated to be 5.08 L/h.

After single dose administration of oral ¹⁴C-rilpivirine, on average 85% and 6.1% of the radioactivity could be retrieved in faeces and urine, respectively. In faeces, unchanged rilpivirine accounted for on average 25% of the administered dose. Only trace amounts of unchanged rilpivirine (< 1% of dose) were detected in urine.

Special patient populations

Gender

No clinically relevant differences in the rilpivirine exposure after intramuscular (IM) administration have been observed between men and women.

Race

No clinically relevant effect of race on the rilpivirine exposure after intramuscular administration has been observed.

BMI

No clinically relevant effect of BMI on the rilpivirine exposure after intramuscular administration has been observed.

Elderly

No clinically relevant effect of age on the rilpivirine exposure after intramuscular administration has been observed. Pharmacokinetic data for rilpivirine in subjects of > 65 years old are limited.

Renal impairment

The pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine have not been studied in patients with renal insufficiency. Renal elimination of rilpivirine is negligible. No dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. In patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease, REKAMBYS should be used with caution, as plasma concentrations may be increased due to alteration of drug absorption, distribution and/or metabolism secondary to renal dysfunction. In patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease, the combination of REKAMBYS with a strong CYP3A inhibitor should only be used if the benefit outweighs the risk. As rilpivirine is highly bound to plasma proteins, it is unlikely that it will be significantly removed by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis (see section 4.2).

Hepatic impairment

Rilpivirine is primarily metabolised and eliminated by the liver. In a study comparing 8 patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score A) to 8 matched controls, and 8 patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score B) to 8 matched controls, the multiple dose exposure of oral rilpivirine was 47% higher in patients with mild hepatic impairment and 5% higher in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. However, it may not be excluded that the pharmacologically active, unbound, rilpivirine exposure is significantly increased in moderate hepatic impairment. No dose adjustment is suggested but caution is advised in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. REKAMBYS has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score C). Therefore, REKAMBYS is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.2).

HBV/HCV Co-infected Patients

Population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that hepatitis B and/or C virus co-infection had no clinically relevant effect on the rilpivirine exposure after oral rilpivirine intake.

Paediatric Patients

The phamacokinetics of rilpivirine in children and adolescents aged < 18 years have not been established with REKAMBYS.

All studies were performed with rilpivirine for oral use except for the studies on local tolerance with REKAMBYS injections.

Repeated dose toxicity

Liver toxicity associated with liver enzyme induction was observed in rodents. In dogs, cholestasis-like effects were noted.

Reproductive toxicology studies

Studies in animals have shown no evidence of relevant embryonic or foetal toxicity or an effect on reproductive function. There was no teratogenicity with oral rilpivirine in rats and rabbits. The exposures at the embryo-foetal No Observed Adverse Effects Levels (NOAELs) in rats and rabbits were respectively ≥ 12 times and ≥ 57 times the exposure in humans at the maximum recommended human daily dose of 25 mg once daily in HIV-1 infected patients or 600 mg or 900 mg intramuscular injection dose of rilpivirine long-acting injectable suspension.

Carcinogenesis and mutagenesis

Oral rilpivirine was evaluated for carcinogenic potential by oral gavage administration to mice and rats up to 104 weeks. At the lowest tested doses in the carcinogenicity studies, the systemic exposures (based on AUC) to rilpivirine were ≥ 17 times (mice) and ≥ 2 times (rats) the exposure in humans at the maximum recommended human daily dose of 25 mg once daily in HIV-1 infected patients or 600 mg or 900 mg intramuscular injection dose of rilpivirine long-acting injectable suspension. In rats, there were no drug-related neoplasms. In mice, rilpivirine was positive for hepatocellular neoplasms in both males and females. The observed hepatocellular findings in mice may be rodent-specific.

Rilpivirine has tested negative in the absence and presence of a metabolic activation system in the in vitro Ames reverse mutation assay and the in vitro clastogenicity mouse lymphoma assay. Rilpivirine did not induce chromosomal damage in the in vivo micronucleus test in mice.

Local tolerance for REKAMBYS

After long-term repeated IM administration of REKAMBYS in dogs and minipigs, slight, short-lasting (i.e., 1-4 days in minipigs) erythema was observed, and white deposits were noted at the injection sites at necropsy, accompanied by swelling and discolouration of draining lymph nodes. Microscopic examination showed macrophage infiltration and eosinophilic deposits at the injection sites. A macrophage infiltration response was also noted in the draining/regional lymph nodes. These findings were considered to be a reaction to the deposited material rather than a manifestation of local irritation.

poloxamer 338

citric acid monohydrate

glucose monohydrate

sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate

sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH and ensure isotonicity)

water for injections

This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products or diluents.

3 years

Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 6 hours at 25° C.

Once the suspension has been drawn into the syringe, the injection should be administered as soon as possible, but may remain in the syringe for up to 2 hours. If 2 hours are exceeded, the medicine, syringe, and needle must be discarded.

Store in a refrigerator (2° C - 8° C).

Do not freeze.

Prior to administration, the vial should be brought to room temperature (not to exceed 25° C). The vial may remain in the carton at room temperature for up to 6 hours; do not put back into the refrigerator. If not used within 6 hours, the vial must be discarded (refer to section 6.3).

Type I glass vial.

Each pack contains one clear 4-mL glass vial, with a butyl elastomer stopper and an aluminium overseal with a plastic flip-off button, 1 syringe (0.2 mL graduation), 1 vial adaptor and 1 needle for injection (23 gauge, 1½ inch).

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Full instructions for use and handling of REKAMBYS are provided in the package leaflet (see Instructions for Use).