Dasatinib is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with:

• newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) in the chronic phase.

• chronic, accelerated or blast phase CML with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy including imatinib.

• Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL).

Dasatinib is indicated for the treatment of paediatric patients with:

• newly diagnosed Ph+ CML in chronic phase (Ph+ CML-CP) or Ph+ CML-CP resistant or intolerant to prior therapy including imatinib.

• newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL in combination with chemotherapy.

Therapy should be initiated by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with leukaemia.

Posology

Adult patients

The recommended starting dose for chronic phase CML is 100 mg dasatinib once daily.

The recommended starting dose for accelerated, myeloid or lymphoid blast phase (advanced phase) CML or Ph+ ALL is 140 mg once daily (see section 4.4).

Paediatric population (Ph+ CML-CP and Ph+ ALL)

Dosing for children and adolescents is on the basis of body weight (see Table 1). Dasatinib is administered orally once daily in the form of either dasatinib film-coated tablets or dasatinib powder for oral suspension. The dose should be recalculated every 3 months based on changes in body weight, or more often if necessary. The tablet is not recommended for patients weighing less than 10 kg; the powder for oral suspension should be used for these patients. Dose increase or reduction is recommended based on individual patient response and tolerability. There is no experience with Dasatinib treatment in children under 1 year of age.

Dasatinib film-coated tablets and dasatinib powder for oral suspension are not bioequivalent. Patients who are able to swallow tablets and who desire to switch from dasatinib powder for oral suspension to dasatinib tablets or patients who are not able to swallow tablets and who desire to switch from tablets to oral suspension, may do so, provided that the correct dosing recommendations for the dosage form are followed.

The recommended starting daily dosage of Dasatinib tablets in paediatric patients is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Dosage of Dasatinib tablets for paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP or Ph+ ALL

^a The tablet is not recommended for patients weighing less than 10 kg; the powder for oral suspension should be used for these patients.

Treatment duration

In clinical studies, treatment with dasatinib in adults with Ph+ CML-CP, accelerated, myeloid or lymphoid blast phase (advanced phase) CML, or Ph+ ALL and paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP was continued until disease progression or until no longer tolerated by the patient. The effect of stopping treatment on long-term disease outcome after the achievement of a cytogenetic or molecular response [including complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), major molecular response (MMR) and MR4.5] has not been investigated.

In clinical studies, treatment with dasatinib in paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL was administered continuously, added to successive blocks of backbone chemotherapy, for a maximum duration of two years. In patients that receive a subsequent stem cell transplantation, dasatinib can be administered for an additional year post-transplantation.

To achieve the recommended dose, Dasatinib is available as 20 mg, 50 mg, 70 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg and 140 mg film-coated tablets. Dose increase, or reduction is recommended based on patient response and tolerability.

Dose escalation

In clinical studies in adult CML and Ph+ ALL patients, dose escalation to 140 mg once daily (chronic phase CML) or 180 mg once daily (advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL) was allowed in patients who did not achieve a haematologic or cytogenetic response at the recommended starting dose.

The following dose escalations shown in Table 2 are recommended in paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP who do not achieve a haematologic, cytogenetic and molecular response at the recommended time points, per current treatment guidelines, and who tolerate the treatment.

Table 2: Dose escalation for paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP

Dose escalation is not recommended for paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL, as dasatinib is administered in combination with chemotherapy in these patients.

Dose adjustment for adverse reactions

Myelosuppression

In clinical studies, myelosuppression was managed by dose interruption, dose reduction, or discontinuation of study therapy. Platelet transfusion and red cell transfusion were used as appropriate. Haematopoietic growth factor has been used in patients with resistant myelosuppression.

Guidelines for dose modifications in adults are summarised in Table 3 and in paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP in Table 4. Guidelines for paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL treated in combination with chemotherapy are in a separate paragraph following the tables.

Table 3: Dose adjustments for neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia in adults

ANC: absolute neutrophil count

Table 4: Dose adjustments for neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia in paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP

ANC: absolute neutrophil count

*lower tablet dose not available

For paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP, if Grade ≥ 3 neutropaenia or thrombocytopaenia recurs during complete haematologic response (CHR), [Product name] should be interrupted, and may be subsequently resumed at a reduced dose. Temporary dose reductions for intermediate degrees of cytopaenia and disease response should be implemented as needed.

For paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL, no dose modification is recommended in cases of haematologic Grade 1 to 4 toxicities. If neutropaenia and/or thrombocytopaenia result in delay of the next block of treatment by more than 14 days, Dasatinib should be interrupted and resumed at the same dose level once the next block of treatment is started. If neutropaenia and/or thrombocytopaenia persist and the next block of treatment is delayed another 7 days, a bone marrow assessment should be performed to assess cellularity and percentage of blasts. If marrow cellularity is <10%, treatment with Dasatinib should be interrupted until ANC >500/µ L (0.5 x 10⁹/L), at which time treatment may be resumed at full dose. If marrow cellularity is >10%, resumption of treatment with Dasatinib may be considered.

Non-haematologic adverse reactions

If a moderate, grade 2, non-haematologic adverse reaction develops with dasatinib, treatment should be interrupted until the adverse reaction has resolved or returned to baseline. The same dose should be resumed if this is the first occurrence and the dose should be reduced if this is a recurrent adverse reaction. If a severe grade 3 or 4, non-haematologic adverse reaction develops with dasatinib, treatment must be withheld until the adverse reaction has resolved. Thereafter, treatment can be resumed as appropriate at a reduced dose depending on the initial severity of the adverse reaction. For patients with chronic phase CML who received 100 mg once daily, dose reduction to 80 mg once daily with further reduction from 80 mg once daily to 50 mg once daily, if needed, is recommended. For patients with advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL who received 140 mg once daily, dose reduction to 100 mg once daily with further reduction from 100 mg once daily to 50 mg once daily, if needed, is recommended. In CML-CP paediatric patients with non-haematologic adverse reactions, the dose reduction recommendations for haematologic adverse reactions that are described above should be followed. In Ph+ ALL paediatric patients with non-haematologic adverse reactions, if needed, one level of dose reduction should be followed, according to the dose reduction recommendations for haematologic adverse reactions that are described above.

Pleural effusion

If a pleural effusion is diagnosed, dasatinib should be interrupted until patient is examined, asymptomatic or has returned to baseline. If the episode does not improve within approximately one week, a course of diuretics or corticosteroids or both concurrently should be considered (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). Following resolution of the first episode, reintroduction of dasatinib at the same dose level should be considered. Following resolution of a subsequent episode, dasatinib at one dose level reduction should be reintroduced. Following resolution of a severe (grade 3 or 4) episode, treatment can be resumed as appropriate at a reduced dose depending on the initial severity of the adverse reaction.

Dose reduction for concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors

The concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and grapefruit juice with Dasatinib should be avoided (see section 4.5). If possible, an alternative concomitant medication with no or minimal enzyme inhibition potential should be selected. If Dasatinib must be administered with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, consider a dose decrease to:

• 40 mg daily for patients taking Dasatinib 140 mg tablet daily.

• 20 mg daily for patients taking Dasatinib 100 mg tablet daily.

• 20 mg daily for patients taking Dasatinib 70 mg tablet daily.

For patients taking Dasatinib 60 mg or 40 mg daily, consider interrupting the dose of Dasatinib until the CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, or switching to a lower dose with a powder for oral suspension formulation. Allow a washout period of approximately 1 week after the inhibitor is stopped before reinitiating Dasatinib.

These reduced doses of dasatinib are predicted to adjust the area under the curve (AUC) to the range observed without CYP3A4 inhibitors; however, clinical data are not available with these dose adjustments in patients receiving strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. If dasatinib is not tolerated after dose reduction, either discontinue the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor or interrupt dasatinib until the inhibitor is discontinued. Allow a washout period of approximately 1 week after the inhibitor is stopped before the dasatinib dose is increased.

Special populations

Elderly

No clinically relevant age-related pharmacokinetic differences have been observed in these patients. No specific dose recommendation is necessary in elderly.

Hepatic impairment

Patients with mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment may receive the recommended starting dose. However, Dasatinib should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment (see section 5.2).

Renal impairment

No clinical studies were conducted with dasatinib in patients with decreased renal function (the study in patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML excluded patients with serum creatinine concentration > 3 times the upper limit of the normal range, and studies in patients with chronic phase CML with resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy excluded patients with serum creatinine concentration > 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range).. Since the renal clearance of dasatinib and its metabolites is < 4%, a decrease in total body clearance is not expected in patients with renal insufficiency.

Method of administration

Dasatinib must be administered orally.

The film-coated tablets must not be crushed, cut or chewed in order to maintain dosing consistency and minimise the risk of dermal exposure; they must be swallowed whole. Film-coated tablets should not be dispersed as the exposure in patients receiving a dispersed tablet is lower than in those swallowing a whole tablet. Dasatinib powder for oral suspension is also available for paediatric Ph+ CML-CP and Ph+ ALL patients, and adult CML-CP patients, who cannot swallow tablets.

Dasatinib can be taken with or without a meal and should be taken consistently either in the morning or in the evening (see section 5.2). Dasatinib should not be taken with grapefruit or grapefruit juice (see section 4.5).

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Clinically relevant interactions

Dasatinib is a substrate and an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. Therefore, there is a potential for interaction with other concomitantly administered medicinal products that are metabolised primarily by or modulate the activity of CYP3A4 (see section 4.5).

Concomitant use of dasatinib and medicinal products or substances that potently inhibit CYP3A4 (e.g. ketoconazole, itraconazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ritonavir, telithromycin, grapefruit juice) may increase exposure to dasatinib. Therefore, in patients receiving dasatinib, coadministration of a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor is not recommended (see section 4.5).

Concomitant use of dasatinib and medicinal products that induce CYP3A4 (e.g. dexamethasone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampicin, phenobarbital or herbal preparations containing Hypericum perforatum, also known as St. John's Wort) may substantially reduce exposure to dasatinib, potentially increasing the risk of therapeutic failure. Therefore, in patients receiving dasatinib, coadministration of alternative medicinal products with less potential for CYP3A4 induction should be selected (see section 4.5).

Concomitant use of dasatinib and a CYP3A4 substrate may increase exposure to the CYP3A4 substrate. Therefore, caution is warranted when dasatinib is coadministered with CYP3A4 substrates of narrow therapeutic index, such as astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride, pimozide, quinidine, bepridil or ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine) (see section 4.5).

The concomitant use of dasatinib and a histamine-2 (H₂) antagonist (e.g. famotidine), proton pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole), or aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide may reduce the exposure to dasatinib. Thus, H₂ antagonists and proton pump inhibitors are not recommended and aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide products should be administered up to 2 hours prior to, or 2 hours following the administration of dasatinib (see section 4.5).

Special populations

Based on the findings from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study, patients with mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment may receive the recommended starting dose (see section 5.2). Due to the limitations of this clinical study, caution is recommended when administering dasatinib to patients with hepatic impairment.

Important adverse reactions

Myelosuppression

Treatment with dasatinib is associated with anaemia, neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia. Their occurrence is earlier and more frequent in patients with advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL than in chronic phase CML. In adult patients with advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL treated with dasatinib as monotherapy, complete blood counts (CBCs) should be performed weekly for the first 2 months, and then monthly thereafter, or as clinically indicated. Myelosuppression is generally reversible and usually managed by withholding dasatinib temporarily or by dose reduction. In adult and paediatric patients with chronic phase CML, complete blood counts should be performed every 2 weeks for 12 weeks, then every 3 months thereafter or as clinically indicated. In paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL treated with dasatinib in combination with chemotherapy, CBCs should be performed prior to the start of each block of chemotherapy and as clinically indicated. During the consolidation blocks of chemotherapy, CBCs should be performed every 2 days until recovery (see sections 4.2 and 4.8).

Bleeding

In patients with chronic phase CML (n=548), 5 patients (1%) receiving dasatinib had grade 3 or 4 haemorrhage. In clinical studies in patients with advanced phase CML receiving the recommended dose of dasatinib (n=304), severe central nervous system (CNS) haemorrhage occurred in 1% of patients. One case was fatal and was associated with Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) grade 4 thrombocytopaenia. Grade 3 or 4 gastrointestinal haemorrhage occurred in 6% of patients with advanced phase CML and generally required treatment interruptions and transfusions. Other grade 3 or 4 haemorrhage occurred in 2% of patients with advanced phase CML. Most bleeding related adverse reactions in these patients were typically associated with grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopaenia (see section 4.8). Additionally, in vitro and in vivo platelet assays suggest that dasatinib treatment reversibly affects platelet activation.

Caution should be exercised if patients are required to take medicinal products that inhibit platelet function or anticoagulants.

Fluid retention

Dasatinib is associated with fluid retention. In the Phase III clinical study in patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML, grade 3 or 4 fluid retention was reported in 13 patients (5%) in the dasatinib-treatment group and in 2 patients (1%) in the imatinib-treatment group after a minimum of 60 months follow-up (see section 4.8). In all dasatinib treated patients with chronic phase CML, severe fluid retention occurred in 32 patients (6%) receiving dasatinib at the recommended dose (n=548). In clinical studies in patients with advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL receiving dasatinib at the recommended dose (n=304), grade 3 or 4 fluid retention was reported in 8% of patients, including grade 3 or 4 pleural and pericardial effusion reported in 7% and 1% of patients, respectively. In these patients grade 3 or 4 pulmonary oedema and pulmonary hypertension were each reported in 1% of patients.

Patients who develop symptoms suggestive of pleural effusion such as dyspnoea or dry cough should be evaluated by chest X-ray. Grade 3 or 4 pleural effusion may require thoracocentesis and oxygen therapy. Fluid retention adverse reactions were typically managed by supportive care measures that include diuretics and short courses of steroids (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Patients aged 65 years and older are more likely than younger patients to experience pleural effusion, dyspnoea, cough, pericardial effusion and congestive heart failure, and should be monitored closely. Cases of chylothorax have also been reported in patients presenting with pleural effusion (see section 4.8).

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

PAH (pre-capillary pulmonary arterial hypertension confirmed by right heart catheterization) has been reported in association with dasatinib treatment (see section 4.8). In these cases, PAH was reported after initiation of dasatinib therapy, including after more than one year of treatment.

Patients should be evaluated for signs and symptoms of underlying cardiopulmonary disease prior to initiating dasatinib therapy. An echocardiography should be performed at treatment initiation in every patient presenting symptoms of cardiac disease and considered in patients with risk factors for cardiac or pulmonary disease. Patients who develop dyspnoea and fatigue after initiation of therapy should be evaluated for common etiologies including pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, anaemia, or lung infiltration. In accordance with recommendations for management of non-haematologic adverse reactions (see section 4.2) the dose of dasatinib should be reduced or therapy interrupted during this evaluation. If no explanation is found, or if there is no improvement with dose reduction or interruption, the diagnosis of PAH should be considered. The diagnostic approach should follow standard practice guidelines. If PAH is confirmed, dasatinib should be permanently discontinued.

Follow up should be performed according to standard practice guidelines. Improvements in haemodynamic and clinical parameters have been observed in dasatinib-treated patients with PAH following cessation of dasatinib therapy.

QT Prolongation

In vitro data suggest that dasatinib has the potential to prolong cardiac ventricular repolarisation (QT Interval) (see section 5.3). In 258 dasatinib-treated patients and 258 imatinib-treated patients with a minimum of 60 months follow-up in the Phase III study in newly diagnosed chronic phase CML, 1 patient (< 1%) in each group had QTc prolongation reported as an adverse reaction. The median changes in QTcF from baseline were 3.0 msec in dasatinib-treated patients compared to 8.2 msec in imatinib-treated patients. One patient (< 1%) in each group experienced a QTcF > 500 msec. In 865 patients with leukaemia treated with dasatinib in Phase II clinical studies, the mean changes from baseline in QTc interval using Fridericia's method (QTcF) were 4 - 6 msec; the upper 95% confidence intervals for all mean changes from baseline were < 7 msec (see section 4.8).

Of the 2,182 patients with resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy who received dasatinib in clinical studies, 15 (1%) had QTc prolongation reported as an adverse reaction. Twenty-one of these patients (1%) experienced a QTcF > 500 msec.

Dasatinib should be administered with caution to patients who have or may develop prolongation of QTc. These include patients with hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia, patients with congenital long QT syndrome, patients taking anti-arrhythmic medicinal products or other medicinal products which lead to QT prolongation, and cumulative high dose anthracycline therapy. Hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia should be corrected prior to dasatinib administration.

Cardiac adverse reactions

Dasatinib was studied in a randomised clinical study of 519 patients with newly diagnosed CML in chronic phase which included patients with prior cardiac disease. The cardiac adverse reactions of congestive heart failure/cardiac dysfunction, pericardial effusion, arrhythmias, palpitations, QT prolongation and myocardial infarction (including fatal) were reported in patients taking dasatinib. Cardiac adverse reactions were more frequent in patients with risk factors or a history of cardiac disease. Patients with risk factors (e.g. hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes) or a history of cardiac disease (e.g. prior percutaneous coronary intervention, documented coronary artery disease) should be monitored carefully for clinical signs or symptoms consistent with cardiac dysfunction such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and diaphoresis.

If these clinical signs or symptoms develop, physicians are advised to interrupt dasatinib administration and consider the need for alternative CML-specific treatment. After resolution, a functional assessment should be performed prior to resuming treatment with dasatinib. Dasatinib may be resumed at the original dose for mild/moderate adverse reactions (≤ grade 2) and resumed at a dose level reduction for severe adverse reactions (≥ grade 3) (see section 4.2). Patients continuing treatment should be monitored periodically.

Patients with uncontrolled or significant cardiovascular disease were not included in the clinical studies.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)

BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been associated with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), including individual case reports for dasatinib (see section 4.8). If laboratory or clinical findings associated with TMA occur in a patient receiving dasatinib, treatment with dasatinib should be discontinued and thorough evaluation for TMA, including ADAMTS13 activity and anti-ADAMTS13-antibody determination, should be completed. If anti-ADAMTS13-antibody is elevated in conjunction with low ADAMTS13 activity, treatment with dasatinib should not be resumed.

Hepatitis B reactivation

Reactivation of hepatitis B in patients who are chronic carriers of this virus has occurred after these patients received BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Some cases resulted in acute hepatic failure or fulminant hepatitis leading to liver transplantation or a fatal outcome.

Patients should be tested for HBV infection before initiating treatment with Dasatinib. Experts in liver disease and in the treatment of hepatitis B should be consulted before treatment is initiated in patients with positive hepatitis B serology (including those with active disease) and for patients who test positive for HBV infection during treatment. Carriers of HBV who require treatment with Dasatinib should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of active HBV infection throughout therapy and for several months following termination of therapy (see section 4.8).

Effects on growth and development in paediatric patients

In paediatric trials of dasatinib in imatinib-resistant/intolerant Ph+ CML-CP paediatric patients and treatment-naive Ph+ CML-CP paediatric patients after at least 2 years of treatment, treatment-related adverse events associated with bone growth and development were reported in 6 (4.6%) patients, one of which was severe in intensity (Growth Retardation Grade 3). These 6 cases included cases of epiphyses delayed fusion, osteopaenia, growth retardation, and gynecomastia (see section 5.1). These results are difficult to interpret in the context of chronic diseases such as CML, and require long-term follow-up.

In paediatric trials of dasatinib in combination with chemotherapy in newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL paediatric patients after a maximum of 2 years of treatment, treatment-related adverse events associated with bone growth and development were reported in 1 (0.6%) patient. This case was a Grade 1 osteopenia.

Growth retardation has been observed in paediatric patients treated with dasatinib in clinical studies (see section 4.8). After a maximum of 2 years of treatment, a downward trend in expected height has been observed, at the same degree as observed with the use of chemotherapy alone, without impacting expected weight and BMI and no association with hormones abnormalities or other laboratory parameters. Monitoring of bone growth and development in paediatric patients is recommended.

Excipients

Dasatinib contains lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per tablet, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.

Active substances that may increase dasatinib plasma concentrations

In vitro studies indicate that dasatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate. Concomitant use of dasatinib and medicinal products or substances which potently inhibit CYP3A4 (e.g. ketoconazole, itraconazole, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ritonavir, telithromycin, grapefruit juice) may increase exposure to dasatinib. Therefore, in patients receiving dasatinib, systemic administration of a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor is not recommended (see section 4.2).

At clinically relevant concentrations, binding of dasatinib to plasma proteins is approximately 96% on the basis of in vitro experiments. No studies have been performed to evaluate dasatinib interaction with other protein-bound medicinal products. The potential for displacement and its clinical relevance are unknown.

Active substances that may decrease dasatinib plasma concentrations

When dasatinib was administered following 8 daily evening administrations of 600 mg rifampicin, a potent CYP3A4 inducer, the AUC of dasatinib was decreased by 82%. Other medicinal products that induce CYP3A4 activity (e.g. dexamethasone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital or herbal preparations containing Hypericum perforatum, also known as St. John´ s Wort) may also increase metabolism and decrease dasatinib plasma concentrations. Therefore, concomitant use of potent CYP3A4 inducers with dasatinib is not recommended. In patients in whom rifampicin or other CYP3A4 inducers are indicated, alternative medicinal products with less enzyme induction potential should be used. Concomitant use of dexamethasone, a weak CYP3A4 inducer, with dasatinib is allowed; dasatinib AUC is predicted to decrease approximately 25% with concomitant use of dexamethasone, which is not likely to be clinically meaningful.

Histamine-2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors

Long-term suppression of gastric acid secretion by H₂ antagonists or proton pump inhibitors (e.g. famotidine and omeprazole) is likely to reduce dasatinib exposure. In a single-dose study in healthy subjects, the administration of famotidine 10 hours prior to a single dose of dasatinib reduced dasatinib exposure by 61%. In a study of 14 healthy subjects, administration of a single 100-mg dose of dasatinib 22 hours following a 4-day, 40-mg omeprazole dose at steady state reduced the AUC of dasatinib by 43% and the Cmax of dasatinib by 42%. The use of antacids should be considered in place of H₂ antagonists or proton pump inhibitors in patients receiving dasatinib therapy (see section 4.4).

Antacids

Non-clinical data demonstrate that the solubility of dasatinib is pH-dependent. In healthy subjects, the concomitant use of aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacids with dasatinib reduced the AUC of a single dose of dasatinib by 55% and the C_max by 58%. However, when antacids were administered 2 hours prior to a single dose of dasatinib, no relevant changes in dasatinib concentration or exposure were observed. Thus, antacids may be administered up to 2 hours prior to or 2 hours following dasatinib (see section 4.4).

Active substances that may have their plasma concentrations altered by dasatinib

Concomitant use of dasatinib and a CYP3A4 substrate may increase exposure to the CYP3A4 substrate. In a study in healthy subjects, a single 100 mg dose of dasatinib increased AUC and C_max exposure to simvastatin, a known CYP3A4 substrate, by 20 and 37% respectively. It cannot be excluded that the effect is larger after multiple doses of dasatinib. Therefore, CYP3A4 substrates known to have a narrow therapeutic index (e.g. astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride, pimozide, quinidine, bepridil or ergot alkaloids [ergotamine, dihydroergotamine]) should be administered with caution in patients receiving dasatinib (see section 4.4).

In vitro data indicate a potential risk for interaction with CYP2C8 substrates, such as glitazones.

Paediatric population

Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.

Women of childbearing potential/contraception in males and females

Both sexually active men and women of childbearing potential should use effective methods of contraception during treatment.

Pregnancy

Based on human experience, dasatinib is suspected to cause congenital malformations including neural tube defects, and harmful pharmacological effects on the foetus when administered during pregnancy. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).

Dasatinib should not be used during pregnancy unless the clinical condition of the woman requires treatment with dasatinib. If Dasatinibis used during pregnancy, the patient must be informed of the potential risk to the foetus.

Breast-feeding

There is insufficient/limited information on the excretion of dasatinib in human or animal breast milk. Physico-chemical and available pharmacodynamic/toxicological data on dasatinib point to excretion in breast milk and a risk to the suckling child cannot be excluded.

Breast-feeding should be stopped during treatment with Dasatinib.

Fertility

In animal studies, the fertility of male and female rats was not affected by treatment with dasatinib (see section 5.3). Physicians and other healthcare providers should counsel male patients of appropriate age about possible effects of Dasatinib on fertility, and this counseling may include consideration of semen deposition.

Dasatinib has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should be advised that they may experience adverse reactions such as dizziness or blurred vision during treatment with dasatinib. Therefore, caution should be recommended when driving a car or operating machines.

Summary of the safety profile

The data described below reflect the exposure to dasatinib as single-agent therapy at all doses tested in clinical studies, (N=2,900), including 324 adult patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML, 2,388 adults patients with imatinib-resistant or – intolerant chronic or advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL, and 188 paediatric patients. In the 2,712 adult patients with either chronic phase CML, advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL, the median duration of therapy was 19.2 months (range 0 to 93.2 months).

In a randomized trial in patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML, the median duration of therapy was approximately 60 months. The median duration of therapy in 1,618 adult patients with chronic phase CML was 29 months (range 0 to 92.9 months). The median duration of therapy in 1,094 adult patients with advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL was 6.2 months (range 0 to 93.2 months). Among 188 patients in paediatric studies, the median duration of therapy was 26.3 months (range 0 to 99.6 months). In the subset of 130 chronic phase CML dasatinib-treated paediatric patients, the median duration of therapy was 42.3 months (range 0.1 to 99.6 months).

The majority of dasatinib-treated patients experienced adverse reactions at some time. In the overall population of 2,712 dasatinib-treated adult subjects, 520 (19%) experienced adverse reactions leading to treatment discontinuation.

The overall safety profile of dasatinib in the paediatric Ph+ CML-CP population was similar to that of the adult population, regardless of formulation, with the exception of no reported pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema, or pulmonary hypertension in the paediatric population. Of the 130 dasatinib-treated paediatric subjects with CML-CP, 2 (1.5%) experienced adverse reactions leading to treatment discontinuation.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The following adverse reactions, excluding laboratory abnormalities, were reported in patients treated with dasatinib used as single-agent therapy in clinical studies and post-marketing experience (Table 3). These reactions are presented by system organ class and by frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); not known (cannot be estimated from available post-marketing data).

Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Table 5: Tabulated summary of adverse reactions

^a Includes decreased appetite, early satiety, increased appetite.

^b Includes central nervous system haemorrhage, cerebral haematoma, cerebral haemorrhage, extradural haematoma, haemorrhage intracranial, haemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, subdural haematoma, and subdural haemorrhage.

^c Includes brain natriuretic peptide increased, ventricular dysfunction, left ventricular dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction, cardiac failure, cardiac failure acute, cardiac failure chronic, cardiac failure congestive, cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiomyopathy, diastolic dysfunction, ejection fraction decreased and ventricular failure, left ventricular failure, right ventricular failure, and ventricular hypokinesia.

^d Excludes gastrointestinal bleeding and CNS bleeding; these adverse reactions are reported under the gastrointestinal disorders system organ class and the nervous system disorders system organ class, respectively.

^e Includes drug eruption, erythema, erythema multiforme, erythrosis, exfoliative rash, generalised erythema, genital rash, heat rash, milia, miliaria, pustular psoriaisis, rash, rash erythematous, rash follicular, rash generalised, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, rash papular, rash pruritic, rash pustular, rash vesicular, skin exfoliation, skin irritation, toxic skin eruption, urticaria vesiculosa, and vasculitic rash.

^f In the post-marketing setting, individual cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported. It could not be determined whether these mucocutaneous adverse reactions were directly related to dasatinib or to concomitant medicinal product.

^g Musculoskeletal pain reported during or after discontinuing treatment.

^h Frequency reported as common in paediatric studies.

ⁱ Gravitational oedema, localised oedema, oedema peripheral.

^j Conjunctival oedema, eye oedema, eye swelling, eyelid oedema, face oedema, lip oedema, macular oedema, oedema mouth, orbital oedema, periorbital oedema, swelling face.

^k Fluid overload, fluid retention, gastrointestinal oedema, generalised oedema, peripheral swelling, oedema, oedema due to cardiac disease, perinephric effusion, post procedural oedema, visceral oedema.

^l Genital swelling, incision site oedema, oedema genital, penile oedema, penile swelling, scrotal oedema, skin swelling, testicular swelling, vulvovaginal swelling.

* For additional details, see section "Description of selected adverse reactions"

Description of selected adverse reactions

Myelosuppression

Treatment with Dasatinib is associated with anaemia, neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia. Their occurrence is earlier and more frequent in patients with advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL than in chronic phase CML (see section 4.4).

Bleeding

Bleeding drug-related adverse reactions, ranging from petechiae and epistaxis to grade 3 or 4 gastrointestinal haemorrhage and CNS bleeding, were reported in patients taking dasatinib (see section 4.4).

Fluid retention

Miscellaneous adverse reactions such as pleural effusion, ascites, pulmonary oedema and pericardial effusion with or without superficial oedema may be collectively described as “ fluid retention” . In the newly diagnosed chronic phase CML study after a minimum of 60 months follow-up, dasatinib-related fluid retention adverse reactions included pleural effusion (28%), superficial oedema (14%), pulmonary hypertension (5%), generalised oedema (4%), and pericardial effusion (4%). Congestive heart failure/cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary oedema were reported in < 2% of patients.

The cumulative rate of dasatinib-related pleural effusion (all grades) over time was 10% at 12 months, 14% at 24 months, 19% at 36 months, 24% at 48 months and 28% at 60 months. A total of 46 dasatinib-treated patients had recurrent pleural effusions. Seventeen patients had 2 separate adverse reactions, 6 had 3 adverse reactions, 18 had 4 to 8 adverse reactions and 5 had > 8 episodes of pleural effusions.

The median time to first dasatinib-related grade 1 or 2 pleural effusion was 114 weeks (range: 4 to 299 weeks). Less than 10% of patients with pleural effusion had severe (grade 3 or 4) dasatinib-related pleural effusions. The median time to first occurrence of grade ≥ 3 dasatinib-related pleural effusion was 175 weeks (range: 114 to 274 weeks). The median duration of dasatinib-related pleural effusion (all grades) was 283 days (~40 weeks).

Pleural effusion was usually reversible and managed by interrupting Dasatinib treatment and using diuretics or other appropriate supportive care measures (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Among dasatinib-treated patients with drug-related pleural effusion (n=73), 45 (62%) had dose interruptions and 30 (41%) had dose reductions. Additionally, 34 (47%) received diuretics, 23 (32%) received corticosteroids, and 20 (27%) received both corticosteroids and diuretics. Nine (12%) patients underwent therapeutic thoracentesis.

Six percent of dasatinib-treated patients discontinued treatment due to drug-related pleural effusion. Pleural effusion did not impair the ability of patients to obtain a response. Among the dasatinib-treated patients with pleural effusion, 96% achieved a cCCyR, 82% achieved a MMR, and 50% achieved a MR4.5 despite dose interruptions or dose adjustment.

See section 4.4 for further information on patients with chronic phase CML and advanced phase CML or Ph+ ALL.

Cases of chylothorax have been reported in patients presenting with pleural effusion. Some cases of chylothorax resolved upon dasatinib discontinuation, interruption, or dose reduction, but most cases also required additional treatment.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

PAH (pre-capillary pulmonary arterial hypertension confirmed by right heart catheterization) has been reported in association with dasatinib exposure. In these cases, PAH was reported after initiation of dasatinib therapy, including after more than one year of treatment. Patients with PAH reported during dasatinib treatment were often taking concomitant medicinal products or had co-morbidities in addition to the underlying malignancy. Improvements in haemodynamic and clinical parameters have been observed in patients with PAH following discontinuation of dasatinib.

QT Prolongation

In the Phase III study in patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML, one patient (< 1%) of the dasatinib-treated patients had a QTcF > 500 msec after a minimum of 12 months follow-up (see section 4.4). No additional patients were reported to have QTcF > 500 msec after a minimum of 60 months follow-up.

In 5 Phase II clinical studies in patients with resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy, repeated baseline and on-treatment ECGs were obtained at pre-specified time points and read centrally for 865 patients receiving dasatinib 70 mg twice daily. QT interval was corrected for heart rate by Fridericia's method. At all post-dose time points on day 8, the mean changes from baseline in QTcF interval were 4 - 6 msec, with associated upper 95% confidence intervals < 7 msec. Of the 2,182 patients with resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy who received dasatinib in clinical studies, 15 (1%) had QTc prolongation reported as an adverse reaction. Twenty-one patients (1%) experienced a QTcF > 500 msec (see section 4.4).

Cardiac adverse reactions

Patients with risk factors or a history of cardiac disease should be monitored carefully for signs or symptoms consistent with cardiac dysfunction and should be evaluated and treated appropriately (see section 4.4).

Hepatitis B reactivation

Hepatitis B reactivation has been reported in association with BCR-ABL TKIs. Some cases resulted in acute hepatic failure or fulminant hepatitis leading to liver transplantation or a fatal outcome (see section 4.4).

In the Phase III dose-optimisation study in patients with chronic phase CML with resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy (median duration of treatment of 30 months), the incidence of pleural effusion and congestive heart failure/cardiac dysfunction was lower in patients treated with dasatinib 100 mg once daily than in those treated with dasatinib 70 mg twice daily.

Myelosuppression was also reported less frequently in the 100 mg once daily treatment group (see Laboratory test abnormalities below). The median duration of therapy in the 100 mg once daily group was 37 months (range 1-91 months). Cumulative rates of selected adverse reactions that were reported in the 100 mg once daily recommended starting dose are shown in Table 6a.

Table 6a: Selected adverse reactions reported in a phase 3 dose optimisation study (imatinib intolerant or resistant chronic phase CML)^a

^a Phase 3 dose optimisation study results reported in recommended starting dose of 100 mg once daily (n=165) population

In the Phase III dose-optimisation study in patients with advanced phase CML and Ph+ ALL, the median duration of treatment was 14 months for accelerated phase CML, 3 months for myeloid blast CML, 4 months for lymphoid blast CML and 3 months for Ph+ ALL. Selected adverse reactions that were reported in the recommended starting dose of 140 mg once daily are shown in Table 6b. A 70 mg twice daily regimen was also studied. The 140 mg once daily regimen showed a comparable efficacy profile to the 70 mg twice daily regimen but a more favourable safety profile.

Table 6b: Selected adverse reactions reported in phase III dose-optimisation study:

Advanced phase CML and Ph+ ALL^a

^a Phase 3 dose optimisation study results reported at the recommended starting dose of 140 mg once daily (n=304) population at 2 year final study follow up.

^b Includes ventricular dysfunction, cardiac failure, cardiac failure congestive, cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiomyopathy, diastolic dysfunction, ejection fraction decreased, and ventricular failure.

In addition, there were two studies in a total of 161 paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL in which dasatinib was administered in combination with chemotherapy. In the pivotal study, 106 paediatric patients received dasatinib in combination with chemotherapy on a continuous dosing regimen. In a supportive study, of 55 paediatric patients, 35 received dasatinib in combination with chemotherapy on a discontinuous dosing regimen (two weeks on treatment followed by one to two weeks off) and 20 received dasatinib in combination with chemotherapy on a continuous dosing regimen. Among the 126 Ph+ ALL paediatric patients treated with dasatinib on a continuous dosing regimen, the median duration of therapy was 23.6 months (range 1.4 to 33 months).

Of the 126 Ph+ ALL paediatric patients on a continuous dosing regimen, 2 (1.6%) experienced adverse reactions leading to treatment discontinuation. Adverse reactions reported in these two paediatric studies at a frequency of >10% in patients on a continuous dosing regimen are shown in Table 7. Of note, pleural effusion was reported in 7 (5.6%) patients in this group, and is therefore not included in the table.

Table 7: Adverse reactions reported in >10% of paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL treated with dasatinib on a continuous dosing regimen in combination with chemotherapy (N=126)^a

^a In the pivotal study, among 106 total patients, 24 patients received the powder for oral suspension at least once, 8 of whom received the powder for oral suspension formulation exclusively.

Laboratory test abnormalities

Haematology

In the Phase III newly diagnosed chronic phase CML study, the following grade 3 or 4 laboratory abnormalities were reported after a minimum of 12 months follow-up in patients taking dasatinib: neutropaenia (21%), thrombocytopaenia (19%), and anaemia (10%). After a minimum of 60 months follow-up, the cumulative rates of neutropaenia, thrombocytopaenia, and anaemia were 29%, 22% and 13%, respectively.

In dasatinib-treated patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML who experienced grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression, recovery generally occurred following brief dose interruptions and/or reductions and permanent discontinuation of treatment occurred in 1.6% of patients after a minimum of 12 months follow-up. After a minimum of 60 months follow-up the cumulative rate of permanent discontinuation due to grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression was 2.3%.

In patients with CML with resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy, cytopaenias (thrombocytopaenia, neutropaenia, and anaemia) were a consistent finding. However, the occurrence of cytopaenias was also clearly dependent on the stage of the disease. The frequency of grade 3 and 4 haematological abnormalities is presented in Table 8.

Table 8: CTC grades 3/4 haematological laboratory abnormalities in clinical studies in patients with resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy^a

^a Phase 3 dose optimisation study results reported at 2 year study follow up.

^b CA180-034 study results in recommended starting dose of 100 mg once daily.

^c CA180-035 study results in recommended starting dose of 140 mg once daily.

CTC grades: neutropaenia (Grade 3 ≥ 0.5– < 1.0 × 10^9/l, Grade 4 < 0.5 × 10⁹/l); thrombocytopaenia (Grade 3 ≥ 25 – < 50 × 10⁹/l, Grade 4 < 25 × 10⁹/l); anaemia (haemoglobin Grade 3 ≥ 65 – < 80 g/l, Grade 4 < 65 g/l).

Cumulative grade 3 or 4 cytopaenias among patients treated with 100 mg once daily were similar at 2 and 5 years including: neutropaenia (35% vs. 36%), thrombocytopaenia (23% vs. 24%) and anaemia (13% vs. 13%).

In patients who experienced grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression, recovery generally occurred following brief dose interruptions and/or reductions and permanent discontinuation of treatment occurred in 5% of patients. Most patients continued treatment without further evidence of myelosuppression.

Biochemistry

In the newly diagnosed chronic phase CML study, grade 3 or 4 hypophosphataemia was reported in 4% of dasatinib-treated patients, and grade 3 or 4 elevations of transaminases, creatinine, and bilirubin were reported in ≤ 1% of patients after a minimum of 12 months follow-up. After a minimum of 60 months follow-up the cumulative rate of grade 3 or 4 hypophosphataemia was 7%, grade 3 or 4 elevations of creatinine and bilirubin was 1% and grade 3 or 4 elevations of transaminases remained 1%. There were no discontinuations of dasatinib therapy due to these biochemical laboratory parameters.

2 year follow-up

Grade 3 or 4 elevations of transaminases or bilirubin were reported in 1% of patients with chronic phase CML (resistant or intolerant to imatinib), but elevations were reported with an increased frequency of 1 to 7% of patients with advanced phase CML and Ph+ ALL. It was usually managed with dose reduction or interruption. In the Phase III dose-optimisation study in chronic phase CML, grade 3 or 4 elevations of transaminases or bilirubin were reported in ≤ 1% of patients with similar low incidence in the four treatment groups.

In the Phase III dose-optimisation study in advanced phase CML and Ph+ALL, grade 3 or 4 elevations of transaminases or bilirubin were reported in 1% to 5% of patients across treatment groups.

Approximately 5% of the dasatinib-treated patients who had normal baseline levels experienced grade 3 or 4 transient hypocalcaemia at some time during the course of the study. In general, there was no association of decreased calcium with clinical symptoms. Patients developing grade 3 or 4 hypocalcaemia often had recovery with oral calcium supplementation.

Grade 3 or 4 hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, and hypophosphataemia were reported in patients with all phases of CML but were reported with an increased frequency in patients with myeloid or lymphoid blast phase CML and Ph+ ALL. Grade 3 or 4 elevations in creatinine were reported in < 1% of patients with chronic phase CML and were reported with an increased frequency of 1 to 4% of patients with advanced phase CML.

Paediatric population

The safety profile of dasatinib administered as single-agent therapy in paediatric patients with Ph+ CML-CP was comparable to the safety profile in adults. The safety profile of dasatinib administered in combination with chemotherapy in paediatric patients with Ph+ ALL was consistent with the known safety profile of dasatinib in adults and the expected effects of chemotherapy, with the exception of a lower pleural effusion rate in paediatric patients as compared to adults.

In the paediatric CML studies, the rates of laboratory abnormalities were consistent with the known profile for laboratory parameters in adults.

In the paediatric ALL studies, the rates of laboratory abnormalities were consistent with the known profile for laboratory parameters in adults, within the context of an acute leukaemia patient receiving a background chemotherapy regimen.

Special population

While the safety profile of dasatinib in elderly was similar to that in the younger population, patients aged 65 years and older are more likely to experience the commonly reported adverse reactions such as fatigue, pleural effusion, dyspnoea, cough, lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage, and appetite disturbance and more likely to experience less frequently reported adverse reactions such as abdominal distention, dizziness, pericardial effusion, congestive heart failure, and weight decrease and should be monitored closely (see section 4.4).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

Experience with overdose of dasatinib in clinical studies is limited to isolated cases. The highest overdose of 280 mg per day for one week was reported in two patients and both developed a significant decrease in platelet counts. Since dasatinib is associated with grade 3 or 4 myelosuppression (see section 4.4), patients who ingest more than the recommended dose should be closely monitored for myelosuppression and given appropriate supportive treatment.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors, ATC code: L01EA02

Pharmacodynamics

Dasatinib inhibits the activity of the BCR-ABL kinase and SRC family kinases along with a number of other selected oncogenic kinases including c-KIT, ephrin (EPH) receptor kinases, and PDGFβ receptor. Dasatinib is a potent, subnanomolar inhibitor of the BCR-ABL kinase with potency at concentration of 0.6-0.8 nM. It binds to both the inactive and active conformations of the BCR-ABL enzyme.

Mechanism of action

In vitro, dasatinib is active in leukaemic cell lines representing variants of imatinib-sensitive and resistant disease. These non-clinical studies show that dasatinib can overcome imatinib resistance resulting from BCR-ABL overexpression, BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations, activation of alternate signalling pathways involving the SRC family kinases (LYN, HCK), and multidrug resistance gene overexpression. Additionally, dasatinib inhibits SRC family kinases at subnanomolar concentrations.

In vivo, in separate experiments using murine models of CML, dasatinib prevented the progression of chronic CML to blast phase and prolonged the survival of mice bearing patient-derived CML cell lines grown at various sites, including the central nervous system

Clinical efficacy and safety

In the Phase I study, haematologic and cytogenetic responses were observed in all phases of CML and in Ph+ ALL in the first 84 patients treated and followed for up to 27 months. Responses were durable across all phases of CML and Ph+ ALL.

Four single-arm, uncontrolled, open-label Phase II clinical studies were conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of dasatinib in patients with CML in chronic, accelerated, or myeloid blast phase, who were either resistant or intolerant to imatinib. One randomised non-comparative study was conducted in chronic phase patients who failed initial treatment with 400 or 600 mg imatinib. The starting dose was 70 mg dasatinib twice daily. Dose modifications were allowed for improving activity or management of toxicity (see section 4.2).

Two randomised, open-label Phase III studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dasatinib administered once daily compared with dasatinib administered twice daily. In addition, one open-label, randomised, comparative Phase III study was conducted in adult patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML.

The efficacy of dasatinib is based on haematological and cytogenetic response rates.

Durability of response and estimated survival rates provide additional evidence of dasatinib clinical benefit.

A total of 2,712 patients were evaluated in clinical studies; of these 23% were ≥ 65 years of age and 5% were ≥ 75 years of age.

Chronic phase CML - Newly diagnosed

An international open-label, multicentre, randomised, comparative Phase III study was conducted in adult patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase CML. Patients were randomised to receive either dasatinib 100 mg once daily or imatinib 400 mg once daily. The primary endpoint was the rate of confirmed complete cytogenetic response (cCCyR) within 12 months. Secondary endpoints included time in cCCyR (measure of durability of response), time to cCCyR, major molecular response (MMR) rate, time to MMR, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Other relevant efficacy results included CCyR and complete molecular response (CMR) rates. The study is ongoing.

A total of 519 patients were randomised to a treatment group: 259 to dasatinib and 260 to imatinib. Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two treatment groups with respect to age (median age was 46 years for the dasatinib group and 49 years for the imatinib group with 10% and 11% of patients 65 years of age or older, respectively), gender (women 44% and 37%, respectively), and race (Caucasian 51% and 55%; Asian 42% and 37%, respectively). At baseline, the distribution of Hasford Scores was similar in the dasatinib and imatinib treatment groups (low risk: 33% and 34%; intermediate risk 48% and 47%; high risk: 19% and 19%, respectively).

With a minimum of 12 months follow-up, 85% of patients randomised to the dasatinib group and 81% of patients randomised to the imatinib group were still receiving first-line treatment.

Discontinuation within 12 months due to disease progression occurred in 3% of dasatinib-treated patients and 5% of imatinib-treated patients.

With a minimum of 60 months follow-up, 60% of patients randomised to the dasitinib group and 63% of patients randomised to the imatinib group were still receiving first-line treatment. Discontinuation within 60 months due to disease progression occurred in 11% of dasitinib-treated patients and 14% of imatinib-treated patients.

Efficacy results are presented in Table 9. A statistically significantly greater proportion of patients in the dasatinib group achieved a cCCyR compared with patients in the imatinib group within the first 12 months of treatment. Efficacy of dasatinib was consistently demonstrated across different subgroups, including age, gender, and baseline Hasford score.

Table 9: Efficacy results from a phase 3 study of newly diagnosed patients with chronic phase CML

^a Confirmed complete cytogenetic response (cCCyR) is defined as a response noted on two consecutive occasions (at least 28 days apart).

^b Complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) is based on a single bone marrow cytogenetic evaluation.

^c Major molecular response (at any time) was defined as BCR-ABL ratios ≤ 0.1% by RQ-PCR in peripheral blood samples standardised on the International scale. These are cumulative rates representing minimum follow-up for the timeframe specified.

* Adjusted for Hasford Score and indicated statistical significance at a pre-defined nominal level of significance. CI = confidence interval

After 60 months of follow-up, median time to cCCyR was 3.1 months in the dasatinib group and 5.8 months in the imatinib group in patients with a confirmed CCyR. Median time to MMR after 60 months of follow-up was 9.3 months in the dasatinib group and 15.0 months in the imatinib group in patients with a MMR. These results are consistent with those seen at 12, 24 and 36 months.

The time to MMR is displayed graphically in Figure 1. The time to MMR was consistently shorter in dasatinib-treated patients compared with imatinib-treated patients.

• Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier estimate of time to major molecular response (MMR)

The rates of cCCyR in the dasatinib and imatinib treatment groups, respectively, within 3 months (54% and 30%), 6 months (70% and 56%), 9 months (75% and 63%), 24 months (80% and 74%), 36 months (83% and 77%), 48 months (83% and 79%) and 60 months (83% and 79%) were consistent with the primary endpoint. The rates of MMR in the dasatinib and imatinib treatment groups, respectively, within 3 months (8% and 0.4%), 6 months (27% and 8%), 9 months (39% and 18%), 12 months (46% and 28%), 24 months (64% and 46%), 36 months (67% and 55%), 48 months (73% and 60%) and 60 months (76% and 64%) were also consistent with the primary endpoint.

MMR rates by specific time point are displayed graphically in Figure 2. Rates of MMR were consistently higher in dasatinib-treated patients compared with imatinib-treated patients.

The proportion of patients achieving BCR-ABL ratio of ≤ 0.01% (4-log reduction) at any time was higher in the dasatinib group compared to the imatinib group (54.1% versus 45%). The proportion of patients achieving BCR-ABL ratio of ≤ 0.0032% (4.5-log reduction) at any time was higher in the dasatinib group compared to the imatinib group (44% versus 34%).

MR4.5 rates over time are displayed graphically in Figure 3. Rates of MR4.5 over time were consistently higher in dasatinib-treated patients compared with imatinib-treated patients.

The rate of MMR at any time in each risk group determined by Hasford score was higher in the dasatinib group compared with the imatinib group (low risk: 90% and 69%; intermediate risk: 71% and 65%; high risk: 67% and 54%, respectively).

In an additional analysis, more dasatinib-treated patients (84%) achieved early molecular response (defined as BCR-ABL levels ≤ 10% at 3 months) compared with imatinib-treated patients (64%). Patients achieving early molecular response had a lower risk of transformation, higher rate of progression-free survival (PFS) and higher rate of overall survival (OS), as shown in Table 10.

Table 10: Dasatinib patients with BCR-ABL ≤ 10% and > 10% at 3 months

The OS rate by specific time point is displayed graphically in Figure 4. Rate of OS was consistently higher in dasatinib treated patients who achieved BCR-ABL level ≤ 10% at 3 months than those who did not.

• Figure 4: Landmark plot for overall survival for dasatinib by BCR-ABL level (≤ 10% or > 10%) at 3 months in a phase 3 study of newly diagnosed patients with chronic phase CML

Disease progression was defined as increasing white blood cells despite appropriate therapeutic management, loss of CHR, partial CyR or CCyR, progression to accelerated phase or blast phase, or death. The estimated 60-month PFS rate was 88.9% (CI: 84% - 92.4%) for both the dasatinib and imatinib treatment groups. At 60 months, transformation to accelerated or blast phase occurred in fewer dasatinib-treated patients (n=8; 3%) compared with imatinib-treated patients (n=15; 5.8%). The estimated 60-month survival rates for dasatinib and imatinib-treated patients were 90.9% (CI: 86.6% - 93.8%) and 89.6% (CI: 85.2% - 92.8%), respectively. There was no difference in OS (HR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.58-1.73, p= 0.9800) and PFS (HR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.58-1.72, p = 0.9998) between dasatinib and imatinib.

In patients who report disease progression or discontinue dasatinib or imatinib therapy, BCR-ABL sequencing was performed on blood samples from patients where these are available. Similar rates of mutation were observed in both the treatment arms. The mutations detected among the dasatinib-treated patients were T315I, F317I/L and V299L. A different spectrum of mutation was detected in the imatinib treatment arm. Dasatinib does not appear to be active against the T315I mutation, based on in vitro data.

Chronic phase CML - Resistance or intolerance to prior imatinib therapy

Two clinical studies were conducted in patients resistant or intolerant to imatinib; the primary efficacy endpoint in these studies was Major Cytogenetic Response (MCyR).

Study 1

An open-label, randomised, non-comparative multicentre study was conducted in patients who failed initial treatment with 400 or 600 mg imatinib. They were randomised (2:1) to either dasatinib (70 mg twice daily) or imatinib (400 mg twice daily). Crossover to the alternative treatment arm was allowed if patients showed evidence of disease progression or intolerance that could not be managed by dose modification. The primary endpoint was MCyR at 12 weeks. Results are available for 150 patients: 101 were randomised to dasatinib and 49 to imatinib (all imatinib-resistant). The median time from diagnosis to randomisation was 64 months in the dasatinib group and 52 months in the imatinib group.

All patients were extensively pretreated. Prior complete haematologic response (CHR) to imatinib was achieved in 93% of the overall patient population. A prior MCyR to imatinib was achieved in 28% and 29% of the patients in the dasatinib and imatinib arms, respectively.

Median duration of treatment was 23 months for dasatinib (with 44% of patients treated for > 24 months to date) and 3 months for imatinib (with 10% of patients treated for > 24 months to date). Ninety-three percent of patients in the dasatinib arm and 82% of patients in the imatinib arm achieved a CHR prior to crossover.

At 3 months, a MCyR occurred more often in the dasatinib arm (36%) than in the imatinib arm (29%). Notably, 22% of patients reported a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) in the dasatinib arm while only 8% achieved a CCyR in the imatinib arm. With longer treatment and follow-up (median of 24 months), MCyR was achieved in 53% of the dasatinib-treated patients (CCyR in 44%) and 33% of the imatinib-treated patients (CCyR in 18%) prior to crossover. Among patients who had received imatinib 400 mg prior to study entry, MCyR was achieved in 61% of patients in the dasatinib arm and 50% in the imatinib arm.

Based on the Kaplan-Meier estimates, the proportion of patients who maintained MCyR for 1 year was 92% (95% CI: [85%-100%]) for dasatinib (CCyR 97%, 95% CI: [92%-100%]) and 74% (95% CI: [49%-100%]) for imatinib (CCyR 100%). The proportion of patients who maintained MCyR for 18 months was 90% (95% CI: [82%-98%]) for dasatinib (CCyR 94%, 95% CI: [87%-100%]) and 74% (95% CI: [49%-100%]) for imatinib (CCyR 100%).

Based on the Kaplan-Meier estimates, the proportion of patients who had progression-free survival (PFS) for 1 year was 91% (95% CI: [85%-97%]) for dasatinib and 73% (95% CI: [54%-91%]) for imatinib. The proportion of patients who had PFS at 2 years was 86% (95% CI: [78%-93%]) for dasatinib and 65% (95% CI: [43%-87%]) for imatinib.

A total of 43% of the patients in the dasatinib arm, and 82% in the imatinib arm had treatment failure, defined as disease progression or cross-over to the other treatment (lack of response, intolerance of study medicinal product, etc.).

The rate of major molecular response (defined as BCR-ABL/control transcripts ≤ 0.1% by RQ-PCR in peripheral blood samples) prior to crossover was 29% for dasatinib and 12% for imatinib.

Study 2

An open-label, single-arm, multicentre study was conducted in patients resistant or intolerant to imatinib (i.e. patients who experienced significant toxicity during treatment with imatinib that precluded further treatment).

A total of 387 patients received dasatinib 70 mg twice daily (288 resistant and 99 intolerant). The median time from diagnosis to start of treatment was 61 months. The majority of the patients (53%) had received prior imatinib treatment for more than 3 years. Most resistant patients (72%) had received > 600 mg imatinib. In addition to imatinib, 35% of patients had received prior cytotoxic chemotherapy, 65% had received prior interferon, and 10% had received a prior stem cell transplant. Thirty-eight percent of patients had baseline mutations known to confer imatinib resistance. Median duration of treatment on dasatinib was 24 months with 51% of patients treated for > 24 months to date. Efficacy results are reported in Table 11. MCyR was achieved in 55% of imatinib-resistant patients and 82% of imatinib-intolerant patients. With a minimum of 24 months follow-up, 21 of the 240 patients who had achieved a MCyR had progressed and the median duration of MCyR had not been reached.

Based on the Kaplan-Meier estimates, 95% (95% CI: [92%-98%]) of the patients maintained MCyR for 1 year and 88% (95% CI: [83%-93%]) maintained MCyR for 2 years. The proportion of patients who maintained CCyR for 1 year was 97% (95% CI: [94%-99%]) and for 2 years was 90% (95% CI: [86%-95%]). Forty-two percent of the imatinib-resistant patients with no prior MCyR to imatinib (n= 188) achieved a MCyR with dasatinib.

There were 45 different BCR-ABL mutations in 38% of patients enrolled in this study. Complete haematologic response or MCyR was achieved in patients harbouring a variety of BCR-ABL mutations associated with imatinib resistance except T315I. The rates of MCyR at 2 years were similar whether patients had any baseline BCR-ABL mutation, P-loop mutation, or no mutation (63%, 61% and 62%, respectively).

Among imatinib-resistant patients, the estimated rate of PFS was 88% (95% CI: [84%-92%]) at 1 year and 75% (95% CI: [69%-81%]) at 2 years. Among imatinib-intolerant patients, the estimated rate of PFS was 98% (95% CI: [95%-100%]) at 1 year and 94% (95% CI: [88%-99%]) at 2 years.

The rate of major molecular response at 24 months was 45% (35% for imatinib-resistant patients and 74% for imatinib-intolerant patients).

Accelerated phase CML

An open-label, single-arm, multicentre study was conducted in patients intolerant or resistant to imatinib. A total of 174 patients received dasatinib 70 mg twice daily (161 resistant and 13 intolerant to imatinib). The median time from diagnosis to start of treatment was 82 months. Median duration of treatment on dasatinib was 14 months with 31% of patients treated for > 24 months to date. The rate of major molecular response (assessed in 41 patients with a CCyR) was 46% at 24 months. Further efficacy results are reported in Table 11.

Myeloid blast phase CML

An open-label, single-arm, multicentre study was conducted in patients intolerant or resistant to imatinib. A total of 109 patients received dasatinib 70 mg twice daily (99 resistant and 10 intolerant to imatinib). The median time from diagnosis to start of treatment was 48 months. Median duration of treatment on dasatinib was 3.5 months with 12% of patients treated for > 24 months to date. The rate of major molecular response (assessed in 19 patients with a CCyR) was 68% at 24 months. Further efficacy results are reported in Table 11.

Lymphoid blast phase CML and Ph+ ALL

An open-label, single-arm, multicentre study was conducted in patients with lymphoid blast phase CML or Ph+ ALL who were resistant or intolerant to prior imatinib therapy. A total of 48 patients with lymphoid blast CML received dasatinib 70 mg twice daily (42 resistant and 6 intolerant to imatinib). The median time from diagnosis to start of treatment was 28 months. Median duration of treatment on dasatinib was 3 months with 2% treated for > 24 months to date. The rate of major molecular response (all 22 treated patients with a CCyR) was 50% at 24 months. In addition, 46 patients with Ph+ ALL received dasatinib 70 mg twice daily (44 resistant and 2 intolerant to imatinib). The median time from diagnosis to start of treatment was 18 months. Median duration of treatment on dasatinib was 3 months with 7% of patients treated for > 24 months to date. The rate of major molecular response (all 25 treated patients with a CCyR) was 52% at 24 months. Further efficacy results are reported in Table 6. Of note, major haematologic responses (MaHR) were achieved quickly (most within 35 days of first Dasatinib administration for patients with lymphoid blast CML, and within 55 days for patients with Ph+ ALL).

Table 6: Efficacy in phase II dasatinib single-arm clinical studies^a

Data described in this table are from studies using a starting dose of 70 mg twice daily. See section 4.2 for the recommended starting dose.

^a Numbers in bold font are the results of primary endpoints.

^b Haematologic response criteria (all responses confirmed after 4 weeks): Major haematologic response (MaHR) = complete haematologic response (CHR) + no evidence of leukaemia (NEL).

CHR (chronic CML): WBC ≤ institutional ULN, platelets < 450,000/mm³, no blasts or promyelocytes in peripheral blood, < 5% myelocytes plus metamyelocytes in peripheral blood, basophils in peripheral blood < 20%, and no extramedullary involvement.

CHR (advanced CML/Ph+ ALL): WBC ≤ institutional ULN, ANC ≥ 1,000/mm³, platelets ≥ 100,000/mm³, no blasts or promyelocytes in peripheral blood, bone marrow blasts ≤ 5%, < 5% myelocytes plus metamyelocytes in peripheral blood, basophils in peripheral blood < 20%, and no extramedullary involvement.

NEL: same criteria as for CHR but ANC ≥ 500/mm³ and < 1,000/mm³, or platelets ≥ 20,000/mm³ and ≤ 100,000/mm³.

^c Cytogenetic response criteria: complete (0% Ph+ metaphases) or partial (> 0%-35%). MCyR (0%-35%) combines both complete and partial responses.

n/a = not applicable; CI = confidence interval; ULN = upper limit of normal range.

The outcome of patients with bone marrow transplantation after dasatinib treatment has not been fully evaluated.

Phase III clinical studies in patients with CML in chronic, accelerated, or myloid blast phase, Ph+ ALL who were resistant or intolerant to imatinib

Two randomised, open-label studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dasatinib administered once daily compared with dasatinib administered twice daily. Results described below are based on a minimum of 2 years and 7 years follow-up after the start of dasatinib therapy.

Study 1

In the study in chronic phase CML, the primary endpoint was MCyR in imatinib-resistant patients. The main secondary endpoint was MCyR by total daily dose level in the imatinib-resistant patients. Other secondary endpoints included duration of MCyR, PFS, and overall survival. A total of 670 patients, of whom 497 were imatinib-resistant, were randomised to the dasatinib 100 mg once daily, 140 mg once daily, 50 mg twice daily, or 70 mg twice daily group. The median duration of treatment for all patients still on therapy with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up (n=205) was 59 months (range 28-66 months). Median duration of treatment for all patients at 7 years of follow-up was 29.8 months (range < 1-92.9 months).

Efficacy was achieved across all dasatinib treatment groups with the once daily schedule demonstrating comparable efficacy (non-inferiority) to the twice daily schedule on the primary efficacy endpoint (difference in MCyR 1.9%; 95% confidence interval [-6.8% - 10.6%]); however, the 100 mg once daily regimen demonstrated improved safety and tolerability. Efficacy results are presented in Tables 12 and 13.

Table 12: Efficacy of dasatinib in phase III dose-optimization study: imatinib resistant or intolerant chronic phase CML (2-year results)^a

^a Results reported in recommended starting dose of 100 mg once daily.

^b Haematologic response criteria (all responses confirmed after 4 weeks): Complete haematologic response (CHR) (chronic CML): WBC ≤ institutional ULN, platelets <450,000/mm3, no blasts or promyelocytes in peripheral blood, <5% myelocytes plus metamyelocytes in peripheral blood, basophils in peripheral blood <20%, and no extramedullary involvement.

^c Cytogenetic response criteria: complete (0% Ph+ metaphases) or partial (>0%– 35%). MCyR (0%– 35%) combines both complete and partial responses.

^d Major molecular response criteria: Defined as BCR-ABL/control transcripts ≤ 0.1% by RQ-PCR in peripheral blood samples.

Table 13: Long term efficacy of dasatinib in phase 3 dose optimisation study: imatinib resistant or intolerant chronic phase CML patients^a

Minimum follow-up period

^a Results reported in recommended starting dose of 100 mg once daily.

^b Progression was defined as increasing WBC count, loss of CHR or MCyR, ≥ 30% increase in Ph+ metaphases, confirmed AP/BP disease or death. PFS was analysed on an intent-to-treat principle and patients were followed to events including subsequent therapy.

Based on the Kaplan-Meier estimates, the proportion of patients treated with dasatinib 100 mg once daily who maintained MCyR for 18 months was 93% (95% CI: [88%-98%]).

Efficacy was also assessed in patients who were intolerant to imatinib. In this population of patients who received 100 mg once daily, MCyR was achieved in 77% and CCyR in 67%.

Study 2

In the study in advanced phase CML and Ph+ ALL, the primary endpoint was MaHR. A total of 611 patients were randomised to either the dasatinib 140 mg once daily or 70 mg twice daily group. Median duration of treatment was approximately 6 months (range 0.03-31 months).

The once daily schedule demonstrated comparable efficacy (non-inferiority) to the twice daily schedule on the primary efficacy endpoint (difference in MaHR 0.8%; 95% confidence interval [-7.1% - 8.7%]); however, the 140 mg once daily regimen demonstrated improved safety and tolerability. Response rates are presented in Table 14.

Table 14: Efficacy of dasatinib in phase III dose-optimisation study: advanced phase CML and Ph+ ALL (2 year results)^a

^a Results reported in recommended starting dose of 140 mg once daily (see section 4.2).

^b Haematologic response criteria (all responses confirmed after 4 weeks): Major haematologic response (MaHR) = complete haematologic response (CHR) + no evidence of leukaemia (NEL).

CHR: WBC ≤ institutional ULN, ANC ≥ 1,000/mm3, platelets ≥ 100,000/mm3, no blasts or promyelocytes in peripheral blood, bone marrow blasts ≤ 5%, < 5% myelocytes plus metamyelocytes in peripheral blood, basophils in peripheral blood < 20%, and no extramedullary involvement.

NEL: same criteria as for CHR but ANC ≥ 500/mm3 and < 1,000/mm3, or platelets ≥ 20,000/mm3 and ≤ 100,000/mm3.

^c MCyR combines both complete (0% Ph+ metaphases) and partial (> 0%-35%) responses.

CI = confidence interval; ULN = upper limit of normal range.

In patients with accelerated phase CML treated with the 140 mg once daily regimen, the median duration of MaHR and the median overall survival was not reached and the median PFS was 25 months.

In patients with myeloid blast phase CML treated with the 140 mg once daily regimen, the median duration of MaHR was 8 months, the median PFS was 4 months, and the median overall survival was 8 months. In patients with lymphoid blast phase CML treated with the 140 mg once daily regimen, the median duration of MaHR was 5 months, the median PFS was 5 months, and the median overall survival was 11 months.

In patients with Ph+ ALL treated with the 140 mg once daily regimen, the median duration of MaHR was 5 months the median PFS was 4 months, and the median overall survival was 7 months.

Paediatric population

Paediatric patients with CML

Among 130 patients with chronic phase CML (CML-CP) treated in two paediatric studies, a Phase I, open-label, nonrandomized dose-ranging trial and a Phase II, open-label, nonrandomized trial, 84 patients (exclusively from the Phase II trial) were newly diagnosed with CML-CP and 46 patients (17 from the Phase I trial and 29 from the Phase II trial) were resistant or intolerant to previous treatment with imatinib. Ninety-seven of the 130 paediatric patients with CML-CP were treated with dasatinib tablets 60 mg/m2 once daily (maximum dose of 100 mg once daily for patients with high BSA). Patients were treated until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Key efficacy endpoints were: complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), major cytogenetic response (MCyR) and major molecular response (MMR). Results are shown in Table 15.

• Table 15: Efficacy of dasatinib in paediatric patients with CML-CP

• Cumulative response over time by minimum follow-up period

^a Patients from Phase II paediatric study of newly diagnosed CML-CP receiving oral tablet formulation

^b Patients from Phase I and Phase II paediatric studies of imatinib-resistant or intolerant CML-CP receiving oral tablet formulation

In the Phase I paediatric study, after a minimum of 7 years of follow-up among the 17 patients with imatinib-resistant or intolerant CML-CP, the median duration of PFS was 53.6 months and the rate of OS was 82.4%.

In the Phase II paediatric study, in patients receiving the tablet formulation, estimated 24-month PFS rate among the 51 patients with newly diagnosed CML-CP was 94.0% (82.6, 98.0), and 81.7% (61.4, 92.0) among the 29 patients with imatinib-resistant/intolerant CML-CP. After 24 months of follow-up, OS in newly diagnosed patients was 100%, and 96.6% in imatinib-resistant or intolerant patients.

In the Phase II paediatric study, 1 newly diagnosed patient and 2 imatinib-resistant or intolerant patients progressed to blast phase CML.

There were 33 newly diagnosed paediatric patients with CML-CP who received dasatinib powder for oral suspension at a dose of 72 mg/m2. This dose represents 30% lower exposure compared to the recommended dose. In these patients, CCyR and MMR were CCyR: 87.9% [95% CI: (71.8-96.6)] and MMR: 45.5% [95% CI: (28.1-63.6)] at 12 months.

Among dasatinib-treated CML-CP paediatric patients previously exposed to imatinib, the mutations detected at the end of treatment were: T315A, E255K and F317L. However, E255K and F317L were also detected prior to treatment. There were no mutations detected in newly diagnosed CML-CP patients at the end of treatment.

Paediatric patients with ALL

The efficacy of dasatinib in combination with chemotherapy was evaluated in a pivotal study in paediatric patients over one year of age with newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL.

In this multicenter, historically-controlled Phase II study of dasatinib added to standard chemotherapy, 106 paediatric patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL, of whom 104 patients had confirmed Ph+ ALL, received dasatinib at a daily dose of 60 mg/m² on a continuous dosing regimen for up to 24 months, in combination with chemotherapy. Eighty-two patients received dasatinib tablets exclusively and 24 patients received dasatinib powder for oral suspension at least once, 8 of whom received dasatinib powder for oral suspension exclusively. The backbone chemotherapy regimen was the same as used in the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 trial (chemotherapeutic standard multi-agent chemotherapy protocol). The primary efficacy endpoint was 3-year event-free survival (EFS), which was 65.5% (55.5, 73.7).

The minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity rate assessed by Ig/TCR rearrangement was 71.7% by the end of consolidation in all treated patients. When this rate was based on the 85 patients with evaluable Ig/TCR assessments, the estimate was 89.4%. The MRD negativity rates at the end of induction and consolidation as measured by flow cytometry were 66.0% and 84.0%, respectively.

The pharmacokinetics of dasatinib were evaluated in 229 adult healthy subjects and in 84 patients.

Absorption

Dasatinib is rapidly absorbed in patients following oral administration, with peak concentrations between 0.5-3 hours. Following oral administration, the increase in the mean exposure (AUC_τ ) is approximately proportional to the dose increment across doses ranging from 25 mg to 120 mg twice daily. The overall mean terminal half-life of dasatinib is approximately 5-6 hours in patients.

Data from healthy subjects administered a single 100 mg dose of dasatinib 30 minutes following a high-fat meal indicated a 14% increase in the mean AUC of dasatinib. A low-fat meal 30 minutes prior to dasatinib resulted in a 21% increase in the mean AUC of dasatinib. The observed food effects do not represent clinically relevant changes in exposure.

Distribution

In patients, dasatinib has a large apparent volume of distribution (2,505 L), coefficient of variation (CV% 93%) suggesting that the medicinal product is extensively distributed in the extravascular space. At clinically relevant concentrations of dasatinib, binding to plasma proteins was approximately 96% on the basis of in vitro experiments.

Biotransformation

Dasatinib is extensively metabolised in humans with multiple enzymes involved in the generation of the metabolites. In healthy subjects administered 100 mg of [¹⁴C]-labelled dasatinib, unchanged dasatinib represented 29% of circulating radioactivity in plasma. Plasma concentration and measured in vitro activity indicate that metabolites of dasatinib are unlikely to play a major role in the observed pharmacology of the product. CYP3A4 is a major enzyme responsible for the metabolism of dasatinib.

Elimination

The mean terminal half-life of dasatinib is 3 hours to 5 hours. The mean apparent oral clearance is 363.8 L/hr (CV% 81.3%).

Elimination is predominantly in the faeces, mostly as metabolites. Following a single oral dose of [¹⁴C]-labelled dasatinib, approximately 89% of the dose was eliminated within 10 days, with 4% and 85% of the radioactivity recovered in the urine and faeces, respectively. Unchanged dasatinib accounted for 0.1% and 19% of the dose in urine and faeces, respectively, with the remainder of the dose as metabolites.

Hepatic and renal impairment

The effect of hepatic impairment on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of dasatinib was assessed in 8 moderately hepatic-impaired subjects who received a 50 mg dose and 5 severely hepatic-impaired subjects who received a 20 mg dose compared to matched healthy subjects who received a 70 mg dose of dasatinib. The mean C_max and AUC of dasatinib adjusted for the 70 mg dose were decreased by 47% and 8%, respectively, in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. In severely hepatic-impaired subjects, the mean C_max and AUC adjusted for the 70 mg dose were decreased by 43% and 28%, respectively, compared to subjects with normal hepatic function (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).

Dasatinib and its metabolites are minimally excreted via the kidney.

Paediatric population

The pharmacokinetics of dasatinib have been evaluated in 104 paediatric patients with leukaemia or solid tumours (72 who received the tablet formulation and 32 who received the powder for oral suspension).

In a paediatric pharmacokinetics study, dose-normalized dasatinib exposure (C_avg, C_mm and C_max) appears similar between 21 patients with CP-CML and 16 patients with Ph+ ALL.

Pharmacokinetics of the tablet formulation of dasatinib were evaluated for 72 paediatric patients with relapsed or refractory leukaemia or solid tumours at oral doses ranging from 60 to 120 mg/m² once daily and 50 to 110 mg/m² twice daily. Data was pooled across two studies and showed that dasatinib was rapidly absorbed. Mean T_max was observed between 0.5 and 6 hours and mean half-life ranged from 2 to 5 hours across all dose levels and age groups. Dasatinib PK showed dose proportionality with a dose-related increase in exposure observed in paediatric patients. There was no significant difference of dasatinib PK between children and adolescents. The geometric means of dose- normalized dasatinib C_max, AUC (0-T), and AUC (INF) appeared to be similar between children and adolescents at different dose levels. A PPK model-based simulation predicted that the body weight tiered dosing recommendation described for the tablet, in section 4.2, is expected to provide similar exposure to a tablet dose of 60 mg/m². These data should be considered if patients are to switch from tablets to powder for oral suspension or vice versa.

The non-clinical safety profile of dasatinib was assessed in a battery of in vitro and in vivo studies in mice, rats, monkeys, and rabbits.

The primary toxicities occurred in the gastrointestinal, haematopoietic, and lymphoid systems. Gastrointestinal toxicity was dose-limiting in rats and monkeys, as the intestine was a consistent target organ. In rats, minimal to mild decreases in erythrocyte parameters were accompanied by bone marrow changes; similar changes occurred in monkeys at a lower incidence. Lymphoid toxicity in rats consisted of lymphoid depletion of the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, and decreased lymphoid organ weights. Changes in the gastrointestinal, haematopoietic and lymphoid systems were reversible following cessation of treatment.

Renal changes in monkeys treated for up to 9 months were limited to an increase in background kidney mineralisation. Cutaneous haemorrhage was observed in an acute, single-dose oral study in monkeys but was not observed in repeat-dose studies in either monkeys or rats. In rats, dasatinib inhibited platelet aggregation in vitro and prolonged cuticle bleeding time in vivo, but did not invoke spontaneous haemorrhage.

Dasatinib activity in vitro in hERG and Purkinje fiber assays suggested a potential for prolongation of cardiac ventricular repolarisation (QT interval). However, in an in vivo single-dose study in conscious telemetered monkeys, there were no changes in QT interval or ECG wave form.

Dasatinib was not mutagenic in in vitro bacterial cell assays (Ames test) and was not genotoxic in an in vivo rat micronucleus study. Dasatinib was clastogenic in vitro to dividing Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.

Dasatinib did not affect male or female fertility in a conventional rat fertility and early embryonic development study, but induced embryolethality at dose levels approximating human clinical exposures. In embryofoetal development studies, dasatinib likewise induced embryolethality with associated decreases in litter size in rats, as well as foetal skeletal alterations in both rats and rabbits. These effects occurred at doses that did not produce maternal toxicity, indicating that dasatinib is a selective reproductive toxicant from implantation through the completion of organogenesis.

In mice, dasatinib induced immunosuppression, which was dose-related and effectively managed by dose reduction and/or changes in dosing schedule. Dasatinib had phototoxic potential in an in vitro neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay in mouse fibroblasts. Dasatinib was considered to be non-phototoxic in vivo after a single oral administration to female hairless mice at exposures up to 3-fold the human exposure following administration of the recommended therapeutic dose (based on AUC).

In a two-year carcinogenicity study, rats were administered oral doses of dasatinib at 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg/day. The highest dose resulted in a plasma exposure (AUC) level generally equivalent to the human exposure at the recommended range of starting doses from 100 mg to 140 mg daily. A statistically significant increase in the combined incidence of squamous cell carcinomas and papillomas in the uterus and cervix of high-dose females and of prostate adenoma in low-dose males was noted. The relevance of the findings from the rat carcinogenicity study for humans is not known.

Tablet core

Lactose monohydrate

Cellulose, microcrystalline

Croscarmellose sodium

Hydroxypropylcellulose

Magnesium stearate

Film-coating

Lactose monohydrate

Hypromellose

Titanium dioxide (E171)

Triacetin

Not applicable.

3 years.

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

oPA/Al/PVC/Al blisters.

HDPE container with a child resistant polypropylene (PP) closure.

Boxes containing 56 or 60 film-coated tablets in blisters. Boxes containing containers with 56 or 60 film-coated tablets or containing 56 x 1 or 60 x 1 film-coated tablets in unit dose blisters.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

The film-coated tablets consist of a core tablet, surrounded by a film-coating to prevent exposure of healthcare professionals to the active substance. The use of latex or nitrile gloves for appropriate disposal when handling tablets that are inadvertently crushed or broken is recommended, to minimise the risk of dermal exposure.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.