FRUZAQLA is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who have been previously treated with available therapies, including fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, with or without an anti-VEGF therapy, and, if RAS wildtype and medically appropriate, an anti-EGFR therapy.

FRUZAQLA should be initiated by a physician experienced in the administration of anticancer therapy.

Posology

The recommended dose of fruquintinib is 5 mg (one 5 mg capsule) once daily at approximately the same time each day for 21 consecutive days, followed by a 7-day rest period to comprise a complete cycle of 28 days.

Duration of treatment

Treatment with fruquintinib should be continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurs.

Missed doses or vomiting

If a dose is missed by less than 12 hours, it should be taken, and the next dose should be taken as scheduled.

If a dose is missed by more than 12 hours, it should be skipped, and the next dose should be taken as scheduled.

If a patient vomits after taking a dose, the patient should not repeat the dose on the same day but resume the usual dosing as prescribed on the following day.

Dose adjustments for adverse reactions

The dose should be modified based on safety and tolerability. Fruquintinib should be permanently discontinued in patients unable to tolerate a dose of 3 mg once daily. The recommended dose reduction schedule for adverse reactions is provided in Table 1.

Table 1: Recommended FRUZAQLA dose reduction schedule

The recommended dose modifications for adverse reactions are provided in Table 2.

Table 2: Recommended dose modification for FRUZAQLA for adverse reactions

Special populations

Renal Impairment

No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment (see section 5.2).

Hepatic Impairment

No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (see section 5.2).

FRUZAQLA is not recommended for use in patients with severe hepatic impairment as FRUZAQLA has not been studied in this population.

Elderly population

No dose adjustment is required in patients aged 65 years or above.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of FRUZAQLA in children aged 0 to <18 years have not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

FRUZAQLA is for oral use.

FRUZAQLA can be taken with or without food and should be swallowed as a whole capsule.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Hypertension

Hypertension, including hypertensive crisis, has been reported in patients treated with fruquintinib. (see section 4.8). Pre-existing hypertension should be adequately controlled before starting fruquintinib treatment.

Hypertension should be medically managed with antihypertensive medicinal products and adjustment of the fruquintinib dose, if necessary (see section 4.2). Fruquintinib should be permanently discontinued for hypertension that cannot be controlled with antihypertensive therapy or in patients with hypertensive crisis.

Haemorrhagic events

Haemorrhagic events have been reported in patients treated with fruquintinib, including gastrointestinal (GI) tract events (see section 4.8). Serious and sometimes fatal bleeding events have been reported in patients after treatment with fruquintinib.

Monitor haematologic and coagulation profiles more frequently in patients at risk for bleeding, including those treated with anticoagulants or other concomitant medicinal products that increase the risk of bleeding. In the event of severe bleeding requiring immediate medical intervention, fruquintinib should be permanently discontinued (see section 4.2).

Infections

Infections have been reported in in patients treated with fruquintinib, including fatal events (1%) in clinical studies (see section 4.8).

Fruquintinib should be withheld for Grade 3 or 4 infections or worsening of the infection of any grade. Fruquintinib to be resumed at the same dose when infection is resolved.

Gastrointestinal (GI) perforation

GI perforation events, including fatal events, have been reported in patients treated with fruquintinib (see section 4.8).

Symptoms of GI perforation should be periodically monitored during treatment with fruquintinib.

Fruquintinib should be permanently discontinued in patients developing GI perforation.

Hepatotoxicity

Liver function test abnormalities have been reported in patients treated with fruquintinib, including fatal events in clinical studies (see section 4.8).

The liver function test abnormalities should be monitored before initiation and throughout the treatment with fruquintinib. Based on the severity and persistence of liver function abnormalities as manifested by elevated liver function tests, treatment should be withheld, and then reduced or permanently discontinued

Proteinuria

Proteinuria events have occurred in patients treated with fruquintinib.

Urine protein should be monitored regularly. If urine dipstick proteinuria ≥ 2 g / 24 hours is detected, dose interruptions, adjustments, or discontinuation may be necessary. Fruquintinib should be permanently discontinued in patients developing nephrotic syndrome (see section 4.2).

Dermatological toxicities

Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome and rash are the most frequently reported dermatological adverse reactions (see section 4.8).

If Grade ≥ 2 skin reactions are detected, dose interruptions, adjustments, or discontinuation may be necessary (see section 4.2).

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)

PRES has been reported with the use of fruquintinib (0.1%) (see section 4.8). PRES is a rare neurologic disorder that can present with headache, seizure, lethargy, confusion, altered mental function, blindness, and other visual or neurological disturbances, with or without associated hypertension. A diagnosis of PRES requires confirmation by brain imaging, preferably magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In patients developing PRES, discontinuation of fruquintinib, along with control of hypertension and supportive medical management of other symptoms, are recommended.

Delayed wound healing

No formal studies of the effect of fruquintinib on wound healing have been conducted.

Delayed wound healing has been reported in 1 patient (0.1%) treated with fruquintinib.

Patients are recommended to withhold fruquintinib prior to surgery. Fruquintinib should be resumed after surgery as clinically indicated when there is evidence of adequate wound healing.

Arterial thromboembolic events

It is recommended to avoid starting treatment with fruquintinib in patients with a history of thromboembolic events (including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) within the past 6 months or if they have a history of stroke and/or transient ischemic attack within the last 12 months. If arterial thrombosis is suspected, fruquintinib should be discontinued immediately.

Aneurysms and artery dissections

The use of VEGF pathway inhibitors in patients with or without hypertension may promote the formation of aneurysms and/or artery dissections. Before initiating fruquintinib, this risk should be carefully considered in patients with a history of risk factors such as hypertension or aneurysm.

Excipients

Fruquintinib 5 mg capsules contain Allura red AC (E129), which may cause allergic reactions.

In vitro results indicated that fruquintinib was metabolised by CYP and non-CYP enzymes. CYP3A4 was the main enzyme among the CYP isoforms involved in the metabolism of fruquintinib, with minor contributions from CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. Fruquintinib inhibited P-gp and BCRP in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and demonstrated pH-dependent aqueous solubility.

Effects of other medicinal products on the pharmacokinetics of fruquintinib

CYP3A inhibitors

Co-administration of fruquintinib with itraconazole (a strong CYP3A inhibitor) 200 mg twice daily did not result in clinically meaningful changes in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and C_max of fruquintinib.

CYP3A inducers

Coadministration of fruquintinib with rifampicin (a strong CYP3A inducer) 600 mg once daily decreased fruquintinib AUC by 65% but had no effect on fruquintinib C_max. Coadministration of fruquintinib with efavirenz (a moderate CYP3A inducer) 600 mg once daily is predicted to decrease the AUC of fruquintinib by 28% but had no effect on fruquintinib C_max. No clinically meaningful differences in the AUC of fruquintinib are predicted when fruquintinib is coadministered with dexamethasone (a weak CYP3A inducer) 8 mg twice daily. The concomitant use of fruquintinib with strong and moderate CYP3A inducers should be avoided.

Gastric acid lowering agents

Co-administration of fruquintinib with rabeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) 40 mg once daily did not result in clinically meaningful changes in the AUC of fruquintinib.

Effect of fruquintinib on the pharmacokinetics of other medicinal products

Medicinal products that are substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)

Co-administration of a single dose of dabigatran etexilate 150 mg (a P-gp substrate) with a single dose of fruquintinib 5 mg decreased AUC of dabigatran by 9%. Co-administration of a single dose of digoxin (a P-gp substrate) 0.5 mg with multiple doses of fruquintinib is predicted to result in a 6% increase in AUC of digoxin.

Medicinal products that are substrates of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)

Co-administration of a single 10 mg dose of rosuvastatin (a BCRP substrate) with a single 5 mg dose of fruquintinib decreased AUC of rosuvastatin by 19%. Co-administration of a single 20 mg dose of rosuvastatin with multiple doses of fruquintinib is predicted to result in a 19% increase in AUC of rosuvastatin (a BCRP substrate).

Women of childbearing potential/Contraception in males and females

Women of childbearing potential and male patients with female partners of childbearing potential should be advised to use effective contraception during and for at least 2 weeks following the last dose of fruquintinib.

Pregnancy

There are no clinical data available on the use of fruquintinib in pregnant women.

Based on its mechanism of action, fruquintinib has the potential to cause foetal harm. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity, including foetal malformations (see section 5.3). FRUZAQLA should not be used during pregnancy unless the woman's clinical condition requires treatment with this medicinal product and after careful consideration of the benefits for the mother and the risk to the foetus.

If fruquintinib is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while on treatment, the patient must be informed of the potential hazard to the foetus.

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether FRUZAQLA or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. A risk to newborns/infants cannot be excluded.

Breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with FRUZAQLA and for at least 2 weeks after the last dose.

Fertility

There are no data on the effects of fruquintinib on human fertility. Results from animal studies indicate that fruquintinib may impair male and female fertility (see section 5.3).

Studies to evaluate the effects of fruquintinib on the ability to drive or operate machinery have not been conducted. Fruquintinib may have a minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Fatigue may occur following administration of fruquintinib (see section 4.8).

Summary of the safety profile

The overall safety profile of fruquintinib is based on data from patients with mCRC who received at least one dose of (5 mg once daily 3 weeks on/1 week off each 28day cycle) fruquintinib (n = 911) in clinical studies. In this patient population, the most common adverse reactions of any grade (incidence ≥ 20%) were hypertension (49.3%), anorexia (35.6%), proteinuria (35.5%), palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome (34.6%), hypothyroidism (32.4%), dysphonia (28.6%), diarrhoea (26.3%), and asthenia (24.5%), the majority of which were of Grades 1 or 2 severity. The most common (incidence ≥ 5%) Grade 3/4 adverse reactions were hypertension (19.1%) and palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome (8.3%). The most common (incidence ≥ 1%) and important serious adverse reactions were gastrointestinal haemorrhage (1.5%), pneumonia (1.5%), hypertension (1.5%), and gastrointestinal perforation (1.3%) (see section 4.4).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

Adverse reactions reported in clinical studies of fruquintinib are listed in Table 3. These reactions are presented by system organ class and by frequency. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1 000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10 000 to < 1/1 000); very rare (< 1/10 000); and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Table 3: Adverse reactions reported in clinical studies in patients with mCRC treated with fruquintinib (N=911)

The safety data based on the following pooled studies: 2012-013-00CH1; 2013-013-00CH1/ FRESCO; 2019-013-GLOB1/FRESCO-2 including the open-label Japanese safety lead-in cohort; 2009-013-00CH1; 2012 013-00CH3; 2015-013-00US1. MedDRA 25.0.

The following terms represent a group of related events that describe a medical condition rather than a single event:

¹Upper respiratory tract infection includes nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection

²Thrombocytopenia includes platelet count decreased and thrombocytopenia

³Leukopenia includes leukopenia and white blood cell count decreased

⁴Neutropenia includes neutropenia and neutrophil count decreased

⁵Hypothyroidism includes blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased, hypothyroidism

⁶Anorexia includes appetite decreased and weight loss

⁷Hypertension includes blood pressure diastolic increased, blood pressure increased, diastolic hypertension, hypertension, hypertensive crisis

⁸Dysphonia includes aphonia and dysphonia

⁹Throat pain includes laryngeal discomfort, laryngeal pain, oropharyngeal discomfort, oropharyngeal pain

¹⁰Stomatitis includes aphthous ulcer, gingival ulceration, mouth ulceration, stomatitis, tongue ulceration

¹¹Gastrointestinal haemorrhage includes anal haemorrhage, anastomotic haemorrhage, gastric haemorrhage, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, haematochezia, haemorrhoidal haemorrhage, intestinal haemorrhage, lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage, rectal haemorrhage, upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

¹²Pancreatic enzymes increased includes amylase increased, hyperamylasaemia, hyperlipasaemia, lipase increased

¹³Gastrointestinal perforation includes gastric perforation, gastric ulcer perforation, gastrointestinal perforation, intestinal perforation, large intestine perforation, rectal perforation, small intestinal perforation

¹⁴Oral pain includes gingival pain, oral pain, toothache

¹⁵Pancreatitis includes pancreatitis, pancreatitis acute

¹⁶ Total bilirubin increased includes bilirubin conjugated increased, blood bilirubin increased, blood bilirubin unconjugated increased, hyperbilirubinaemia, jaundice, jaundice cholestatic

¹⁷Rash includes rash, rash erythematous, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, rash papular, rash pruritic

¹⁸Musculoskeletal discomfort includes bone pain, muscle spasms, musculoskeletal chest pain, musculoskeletal pain, neck pain, pain in extremity

¹⁹Proteinuria includes albuminuria, protein urine present, proteinuria

Description of selected adverse reactions

Data for the following selected adverse reactions are based on patients who received at least 1 dose of fruquintinib across three randomised placebo-controlled studies (2012-013-00CH1; 2013-013-00CH1/ FRESCO; 2019-013-GLOB1/FRESCO-2). The management guidelines for these adverse reactions are described in section 4.4.

Hypertension

Hypertension was reported in 47.4% of patients in the fruquintinib arm and 11.8% in the placebo arm. Approximately half of these events occurred during the first 2 weeks after initiating treatment with fruquintinib. Grade ≥ 3 hypertension events were reported in 18.4% of patients in the fruquintinib arm compared with 1.3% in the placebo arm. Two patients (0.3%) treated with fruquintinib experienced life-threatening hypertension. The majority of the events recovered or resolved following dose interruption or reduction, which occurred in 3.1% and 3.7% of patients, respectively. In 0.5% of patients, hypertension led to permanent treatment discontinuation.

Haemorrhagic events

Haemorrhagic events were reported in 26.5% of patients in the fruquintinib arm and 14.6% in the placebo arm. Most haemorrhagic events in patients treated with fruquintinib were mild to moderate in severity (Grade 1 and Grade 2, 24.5%). The incidence of haemorrhagic events leading to dose discontinuation was 1.2%. The most common haemorrhagic reactions were gastrointestinal haemorrhage (7%) and epistaxis (5.6%). The most frequently reported serious haemorrhagic event was gastrointestinal haemorrhage, which was reported in 1.5% of patients in the fruquintinib arm compared with 0.5% in the placebo arm.

Gastrointestinal (GI) perforation

Events of gastrointestinal perforation were reported in 1.5% of patients in the fruquintinib arm, and no events were reported in the placebo arm. Serious GI perforation was reported in 1.4 % of patients treated with fruquintinib. The most common GI perforation event was intestinal perforation (0.8%). The incidence of GI perforation events leading to dose discontinuation was 1.0%.

Hepatotoxicity

Liver function test abnormalities were reported in 36.4% of the patients on the fruquintinib arm and 23.5% in the placebo arm. Most hepatobiliary disorders in patients treated with fruquintinib were mild to moderate in severity (incidence of Grade ≥ 3 liver function test abnormalities were 8.8% in the fruquintinib arm and 9.5% in the placebo arm). The most common liver function test abnormality events were AST increase (18.1%), total bilirubin increase (18.3%), and ALT increase (15.5%). Median time to onset in fruquintinib treated patients was 28 days (range: 4 days to 12 months). Serious liver function test abnormalities were reported in 2.3% of patients in the fruquintinib arm and 3.1% in the placebo arm. Fatal liver function test abnormalities were reported in 0.3% of patients in the fruquintinib arm and 0.8% in the placebo arm. Liver function test abnormalities led to dose interruption and reduction in 4.6% and 2.0% of patients, respectively, and to permanent discontinuation in 1.5% of patients.

Proteinuria

Proteinuria was reported in 32.9% of the patients in the fruquintinib arm and 15.1% in the placebo arm. Most of the events were Grade 1 or Grade 2; the incidence of Grade ≥ 3 proteinuria events were reported in 2.8% of patients treated with fruquintinib compared with 0.5% of patients in the placebo arm. Most events recovered or resolved following dose interruption or reduction. In 1.8% of patients treated with fruquintinib, proteinuria led to permanent treatment discontinuation.

Dermatologic toxicities

Dermatologic toxicities were reported in 46.5% of the patients in the fruquintinib arm and 11.5% in the placebo arm. Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome (32.7%) and rash (8.1%) were the most frequently reported skin reactions. Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome was reported in 32.7% of patients in the fruquintinib arm compared with 3.1% in the placebo arm. The incidence of Grade ≥ 3 dermatological reactions in the fruquintinib arm was 8.5% compared with 0.3% in the placebo arm. Most events recovered or resolved following dose interruption or reduction. In 0.6% of patients treated with skin reactions led to permanent treatment discontinuation.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism was reported in 31.5% of the patients in the fruquintinib arm and 2.8% in the placebo arm. Most of the events were Grade 1 or Grade 2; the incidence of Grade ≥ 3 hypothyroidism events in the fruquintinib arm was low (0.3%). No events led to dose reduction or discontinuation.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme. Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

The highest dose of fruquintinib studied in clinical studies was 6 mg per day.

The effects of fruquintinib overdose are unknown, and there is no known antidote for fruquintinib overdose. In the event of an overdose, interrupt fruquintinib, general supportive measures should be undertaken and observe until clinical stabilisation.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors, ATC code: L01EK04

Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects

Fruquintinib is a highly selective small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) -1, -2, and -3 with antitumor effects resulting from suppression of tumour angiogenesis and tumour deprivation of nutrients and oxygen.

Fruquintinib has been shown to inhibit receptor tyrosine kinases, including VEGFR-1, -2, and -3, at therapeutic plasma concentrations. These receptors are implicated in pathologic angiogenesis, tumour growth, and cancer progression. VEGF mediated endothelial cell proliferation, and survival were inhibited by fruquintinib in vitro and in mouse models. Fruquintinib was shown to inhibit tumour growth and phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 in tumour xenograft mouse models.

Cardiac electrophysiology

No prolongation of heart rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval (> 10 milliseconds) was observed at the recommended dosage of fruquintinib. A concentration-QT analysis (N=205) showed no evidence of an association between fruquintinib plasma concentrations and changes in QTc interval from baseline.

Clinical efficacy and safety

The efficacy of fruquintinib plus best supportive care (BSC) was evaluated in two randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase III studies (FRESCO and FRESCO-2) in patients with mCRC previously treated with but not limited to oxaliplatin or irinotecan-based chemotherapies. The clinical efficacy of fruquintinib in the FRESCO and FRESCO-2 studies are described below.

FRESCO Study

The clinical safety and efficacy of fruquintinib were initially evaluated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre phase III study (FRESCO) conducted in China in 416 patients with previously treated mCRC. The primary efficacy endpoint was overall survival (OS). The secondary efficacy endpoints included investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS) according to RECIST version 1.1, tumour objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), duration of response (DoR), and safety.

In total, 416 patients were randomised (2:1) to receive fruquintinib 5 mg orally once daily (N=278) plus BSC or placebo orally once daily (N=138) (hereafter referenced as fruquintinib and placebo respectively) plus BSC, for 21 days on therapy followed by 7 days off therapy in a 28-day treatment cycle.

Among the 416 randomised patients, the median age was 56 years (range: 23 to 75), with 19% ≥ 65 years of age. 61.3% of patients were male, all were Asian (100%), and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 (27%) and 1 (73%). Tumour RAS mutation was reported in 44% of patients at study entry.

In addition to treatment with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, 30% of patients received prior anti-VEGF therapy, and 14% received prior anti-EGFR therapy.

The addition of fruquintinib to BSC resulted in a statistically significant improvement in OS and PFS compared to placebo plus BSC (see Table 4, Figure 1).

FRESCO-2 Study

The clinical safety and efficacy of fruquintinib were evaluated in a global, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase III study (FRESCO-2) in 691 patients with previously-treated mCRC. Patients were stratified according to prior therapy (trifluridine/tipiracil [52.2%] vs. regorafenib [8.4%] vs. both [39.4%]), RAS mutational status (wild-type [36.9%] vs. [63.1%] mutant) and duration of metastatic disease (≤ 18 months [7.2%] vs. > 18 months [92.8%]). The primary endpoint was OS. The key secondary endpoint was PFS. Other secondary endpoints included tumour objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), duration of response (DoR), and safety.

In total, 691 patients were randomised (2:1) to receive fruquintinib 5 mg orally once daily (N=461) plus BSC or placebo orally once daily (N=230) (hereafter referenced as fruquintinib and placebo respectively) plus BSC, for 21 days on therapy followed by 7 days off therapy in a 28-day treatment cycle.

Among the 691 randomised patients, the median age was 64 years (range: 25 to 86), with 47% ≥ 65 years of age. 55.7% of patients were male, 80.9% were White, and had an ECOG performance status of 0 (43.1%) or 1 (56.9%). Tumour RAS mutation was reported in 63.1% of patients at study entry.

In addition to treatment with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, 96.4% of patients received prior anti-VEGF therapy, 38.8% received prior anti-EGFR therapy, 52.2 % received trifluridine/tipiracil, and 8.4% received regorafenib, and 39.4% received both trifluridine/tipiracil and regorafenib.

The addition of fruquintinib to BSC resulted in a statistically significant improvement in OS and PFS compared to placebo plus BSC (see Table 4 and Figure 2).

Table 4: Efficacy results from FRESCO and FRESCO-2 studies

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier curve for Overall Survival in FRESCO study

Figure 2: Kaplan-Meier curve for Overall Survival in FRESCO-2 study

Paediatric population

The Licencing Authority has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with FRUZAQLA in all subsets of the paediatric population in metastatic colorectal cancer (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

Absorption

After oral administration of fruquintinib, the median time to achieve peak plasma fruquintinib concentration (T_max) was approximately 2 hours. Following repeat once-daily dosing, fruquintinib exposure (C_max and AUC_0-24h) increased in a dose-proportional manner across the dose range of 1 to 6 mg (0.2 to 1.2 times the recommended dosage). Following administration of fruquintinib 5 mg once daily for 21 days with 7 days off of each 28-day cycle in patients with advanced solid tumours, steady state of fruquintinib was achieved after 14 days, and the mean accumulation based on AUC_0-24h was 4-fold relative to a single dose. At the recommended dose of 5 mg of FRUZAQLA, the geometric mean (%CV) C_max and AUC_0-24h for fruquintinib at steady-state were 300 ng/mL (28%) and 5880 ng*h/mL (29%), respectively.

Effect of food

Compared to the fasting state, a high-fat meal had no clinically meaningful effect on fruquintinib pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects. Fruquintinib can be administered with or without food.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of fruquintinib is approximately 48.5 L. Plasma protein binding of fruquintinib is approximately 95% in vitro.

Biotransformation

Fruquintinib is metabolised by multiple enzymes, including CYP450 (CYP3A and CYP2C subfamilies) and non-CYP450 enzyme systems. The in vivo metabolism and mass balance study of [14C] labeled fruquintinib showed that fruquintinib mainly exists in human plasma in its unchanged form, accounting for approximately 72% of total exposure in the plasma, and the CYP3A4-mediated N-demethyl metabolite of fruquintinib account for approximately 17% of total exposure in plasma. Other metabolic pathways include multi-site mono-oxidation, O-demethylation, N-demethylation, O-dequinazoline ring, and amide hydrolysis. The phase II metabolites are mainly glucuronic acid and sulphuric acid conjugates of phase I products.

In vitro studies

Cytochrome P450 enzymes: Fruquintinib is not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A, or an inducer of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A at therapeutically relevant concentrations.

Transporter systems: Fruquintinib is not a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), organic anion transport protein (OATP)1B1, or OATP1B3. Fruquintinib is not an inhibitor of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, organic cation transporter (OCT)2, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1, or MATE2-K at therapeutically relevant concentrations.

Elimination

The apparent clearance (CL/F) of fruquintinib is 14.8 mL/min at steady-state after once daily dosing in patients with advanced solid tumours. The mean elimination half-life of fruquintinib is approximately 42 hours.

Following administration of a single 5 mg radiolabelled fruquintinib in healthy subjects, approximately 60% of the dose was recovered in urine (0.5% of the dose as unchanged fruquintinib), and 30% of the dose was recovered in faeces (5% of the dose as unchanged fruquintinib).

Special Populations

Renal impairment

Based on the population pharmacokinetic analyses, mild to moderate renal impairment (CrCL 30 to 89 mL/min) had no clinically meaningful impact on fruquintinib pharmacokinetics. Based on a dedicated renal impairment pharmacokinetic study, following administration of a single 2 mg oral dose of FRUZAQLA, no clinically meaningful differences in fruquintinib dose-normalised exposures were observed in subjects with moderate (CrCL 30-59 mL/min, N=8) or severe renal impairment (CrCL 15-29 mL/min, N=3) compared to historical data in healthy subjects.

Hepatic impairment

No clinically meaningful differences in the pharmacokinetics of fruquintinib were observed between patients with normal hepatic function and patients with mild (total bilirubin ≤ ULN with AST greater than ULN or total bilirubin > 1 to 1.5 times ULN with any AST) hepatic impairment based on population pharmacokinetic analyses. Based on a dedicated hepatic impairment pharmacokinetic study, following administration of a single 2 mg oral dose of FRUZAQLA, no clinically meaningful differences in the dose-normalised AUC of fruquintinib were observed in subjects with moderate (Child Pugh B) hepatic impairment compared to historical data in healthy subjects with normal hepatic function.

Age, body weight, gender or race

Population pharmacokinetic analyses showed that age (18 to 82 years), body weight (48 to 108 kg), gender or race had no clinically relevant impact on the pharmacokinetics of fruquintinib.

Paediatric population

No pharmacokinetic studies were performed with fruquintinib in patients under 18 years of age.

In repeat-dose animal toxicity studies, the main target organ effects were identified in the gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary system, immune system, skeletal system (femur and teeth), kidneys, hematopoietic system, and adrenal gland and occurred at clinically relevant fruquintinib plasma exposure levels. All findings were reversible after 4 weeks without treatment, apart from the skeletal system (broken/lost teeth).

In a fertility and early embryonic development study in rats, male and female reproductive indices were decreased at exposures approximately 3.2 and 0.8-fold the human AUC, respectively. Dose-dependent increases in pre-implantation loss were observed in the same study.

In an embryo-foetal developmental study in rats at an exposure below the clinical exposure, embryotoxic and teratogenic effects were observed, consisting of foetal external, visceral, and skeletal malformations.

No evidence of genotoxicity was observed in in vitro and in vivo studies.

Capsule content

Maize starch

Cellulose, microcrystalline

Talc

Capsule shell

Gelatin

Titanium dioxide

Allura red AC (E129)

Brilliant blue FCF

Printing ink

Dewaxed shellac

Propylene glycol

Potassium hydroxide

Iron oxide black

Not applicable.

30 months.

This medicinal product does not require any special temperature storage conditions. Store in the original container to protect from moisture. Keep the bottle tightly closed. Do not remove desiccant from the bottle.

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle (45 mL) with polypropylene (PP) child-resistant closure and a silica gel desiccant cartridge.

Each white bottle contains 21 hard capsules. Each bottle is packaged in a carton with an insert and sealed with tamper-evident seal.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.