Cutaneous treatment of Acne vulgaris when comedones, papules and pustules are present (see section 5.1).

Epiduo is indicated in adults, adolescents and children aged 9 years and over.

Epiduo should be applied to the entire acne affected areas once a day in the evening on a clean and dry skin. A thin film of gel should be applied, with the fingertips, avoiding the eyes and lips (see section 4.4).

If irritation occurs, the patient should be directed to apply non-comedogenic moisturizers, to use the medication less frequently (e.g. every other day), to suspend use temporarily, or to discontinue use altogether.

The duration of treatment should be determined by the Doctor on the basis of the clinical condition. Early signs of clinical improvement usually appear after 1 to 4 weeks of treatment.

The safety and effectiveness of Epiduo have not been studied in children below 9 years of age.

• Pregnancy (see section 4.6)

• Women planning a pregnancy (see section 4.6)

• Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Epiduo Gel should not be applied to damaged skin, either broken (cuts or abrasions), eczematous or sunburned.

Epiduo should not come into contact with the eyes, mouth, nostrils or mucous membranes. If product enters the eye, wash immediately with warm water.

This medicine contains 40 mg propylene glycol (E1520) in each gram which is equivalent to 4 % w/w.

This medicine contains polysorbate 80 (E433), which can cause allergic reactions.

If a reaction suggesting sensitivity to any component of the formula occurs, the use of Epiduo should be discontinued.

Excessive exposure to sunlight or UV radiation should be avoided.

Epiduo should not come into contact with any coloured material including hair and dyed fabrics as this may result in bleaching and discoloration.

No interaction studies have been performed.

From previous experience with adapalene and benzoyl peroxide, there are no known interactions with other medicinal products which might be used cutaneously and concurrently with Epiduo. However, other retinoids or benzoyl peroxide or drugs with a similar mode of action should not be used concurrently. Caution should be exercised if cosmetics with desquamative, irritant or drying effects are used, as they may produce additive irritant effects with Epiduo.

Absorption of adapalene through human skin is low (see section 5.2), and therefore interaction with systemic medicinal products is unlikely.

The percutaneous penetration of benzoyl peroxide in the skin is low and the drug substance is completely metabolised into benzoic acid which is rapidly eliminated. Therefore, the potential interaction of benzoic acid with systemic medicinal products is unlikely to occur.

Orally administered retinoids have been associated with congenital abnormalities. When used in accordance with the prescribing information, topically administered retinoids are generally assumed to result into low systemic exposure due to minimal dermal absorption. However, there could be individual factors (e.g. damaged skin barrier, excessive use) that contribute to an increased systemic exposure.

Pregnancy

Epiduo is contraindicated (see section 4.3) in pregnancy, or in women planning a pregnancy.

There are no or limited amount of data from the use of adapalene topically in pregnant women.

Animal studies by the oral route have shown reproductive toxicity at high systemic exposure (see section 5.3).

Clinical experience with locally applied adapalene and benzoyl peroxide in pregnancy is limited.

If the product is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, treatment should be discontinued.

Breastfeeding

No study on animal or human milk transfer was conducted after cutaneous application of Epiduo (adapalene / benzoyl peroxide) Gel.

No effects on the suckling child are anticipated since the systemic exposure of the breast-feeding woman to Epiduo is negligible. Epiduo can be used during breast-feeding.

To avoid contact exposure of the infant, application of Epiduo to the chest should be avoided when used during breast-feeding.

Fertility

No human fertility studies were conducted with Epiduo gel.

However, no effects of adapalene or benzoyl peroxide on fertility were found in rats in reproductive studies (see section 5.3).

Not relevant.

Epiduo may cause the following adverse reactions at the site of application:

*Post marketing surveillance data

**Most of the cases of “ application site burn” were superficial burns but cases with second degree burn or severe burn reactions have been reported.

If skin irritation appears after application of Epiduo, the intensity is generally mild or moderate, with local tolerability signs and symptoms (erythema, dryness, scaling, burning and pain of skin (stinging pain) peaking during the first week and then subsiding spontaneously.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at https://yellowcard.mhra.gov.uk or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

Epiduo is for once-daily cutaneous use only.

In case of accidental ingestion, appropriate symptomatic measures should be taken.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anti-acne preparations for topical use, D10AD Retinoids for topical use in acne;

ATC code: D10AD53

Mechanism of action and Pharmacodynamic effects

Epiduo combines two active substances, which act through different, but complementary, mechanisms of action.

- Adapalene: Adapalene is a chemically stable, naphthoic acid derivative with retinoid-like activity. Biochemical and pharmacological profile studies have demonstrated that adapalene acts in the pathology of Acne vulgaris: it is a potent modulator of cellular differentiation and keratinisation and it has anti-inflammatory properties. Mechanistically, adapalene binds to specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors. Current evidence suggests that topical adapalene normalizes the differentiation of follicular epithelial cells resulting in decreased microcomedone formation. Adapalene inhibits the chemotactic (directional) and chemokinetic (random) responses of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes in in vitro assay models; it also inhibits the metabolism of arachidonic acid to inflammatory mediators. In vitro studies have shown inhibition of the AP-1 factors and the inhibition of the expression of toll like receptors 2. This profile suggests that the cell mediated inflammatory component of acne is reduced by adapalene.

- Benzoyl peroxide: Benzoyl peroxide has been shown to have antimicrobial activity; particularly against Cutibacterium acnes, which is abnormally present in the acne-affected pilosebaceous unit. The mechanism of action of Benzoyl peroxide has been explained by its highly lipophilic activity, enabling its penetration through the epidermis into bacterial and keratinocyte cell membranes of the pilosebaceous unit. Benzoyl peroxide is recognized as a very effective broad‑spectrum antibacterial agent in the treatment of acne vulgaris. It has been demonstrated to exert bactericidal effect by generating free radicals that oxidize proteins and other essential cellular components in the bacterium wall. The minimum inhibitory concentration of benzoyl peroxide is bactericidal and has demonstrated effectiveness on antibiotic‑sensitive and antibiotic‑resistant C. acnes strains. Additionally benzoyl peroxide has demonstrated exfoliative and keratolytic activities.

Clinical efficacy of Epiduo in patients aged 12 years and older

The safety and efficacy of Epiduo applied once daily for the treatment of acne vulgaris were assessed in two 12-week, multicenter, controlled clinical studies of similar design, comparing Epiduo to its individual active components, adapalene and benzoyl peroxide, and to the gel vehicle in acne patients. A total of 2185 patients were enrolled in Study 1 and Study 2. The distribution of patients in the two studies was approximately 49% male and 51% female, 12 years of age or older (mean age: 18.3 years; range 12 – 50), presenting 20 to 50 inflammatory lesions and 30 to 100 noninflammatory lesions at baseline. The patients treated the face and other acne affected areas as needed once daily in the evening.

The efficacy criteria were:

(1) Success rate, percentage of patients rated 'Clear' and 'Almost Clear' at Week 12 based on the Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA);

(2) Change and Percent Change from baseline at Week 12 in

• Inflammatory lesion counts

• Non-inflammatory lesion counts

• Total lesion count

The efficacy results are presented for each study in Table 1 and combined results in Table 2. Epiduo was shown to be more effective compared to its monads and gel vehicle in both studies. Overall, the net beneficial effect (active minus vehicle) obtained from Epiduo was greater than the sum of the net benefits obtained from the individual components, thus indicating a potentiation of the therapeutic activities of these substances when used in a fixed-dose combination. An early treatment effect of Epiduo was consistently observed in Study 1 and Study 2 for Inflammatory Lesions at Week 1 of treatment. Noninflammatory lesions (open and closed comedones) noticeably responded between the first and fourth week of treatment. The benefit on nodules in acne has not been established.

Table 1 Clinical efficacy in two comparative trials

Table 2 Clinical efficacy in combined comparative trials

Clinical efficacy of Epiduo in children 9 to 11 years old

During a paediatric clinical trial, 285 children with acne vulgaris, aged 9 – 11 years (53% of the subjects were 11 years old, 33% were 10 years old and 14% were 9 years old) with a score of 3 (moderate) on the IGA scale and a minimum of 20 but not more than 100 total lesions (Noninflammatory and/or Inflammatory) on the face (including the nose) at baseline were treated with Epiduo Gel once daily for 12 weeks.

The study concludes that the efficacy and safety profiles of Epiduo Gel in the treatment of facial acne in this specific younger age group are consistent with results of other pivotal studies in subjects with acne vulgaris aged 12 years and older showing significant efficacy with an acceptable tolerability. A sustained early treatment effect of Epiduo Gel compared to Gel Vehicle was consistently observed for all Lesions (Inflammatory, Non-Inflammatory, and Total) at Week 1 and continuing to Week 12.

The pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of Epiduo are similar to the PK profile of Adapalene 0.1% gel alone.

In a 30-day clinical PK study, conducted in patients with acne who were tested with either the fixed-combination gel or with an adapalene 0.1% matched formula under maximised conditions (with application of 2 g gel per day), adapalene was not quantifiable in the majority of plasma samples (limit of quantification 0.1 ng/ml). Low levels of adapalene (C_max between 0.1 and 0.2 ng/ml) were measured in two blood samples taken from the subjects treated with Epiduo and in three samples from the subjects treated with Adapalene 0.1% Gel. The highest adapalene AUC _0-24h determined in the fixed-combination group was 1.99 ng.h/ml.

These results are comparable to those obtained in previous clinical PK studies on various Adapalene 0.1% formulations, where systemic exposure to adapalene was consistently low.

The percutaneous penetration of benzoyl peroxide is low; when applied on the skin, it is completely converted into benzoic acid which is rapidly eliminated.

Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, phototoxicity or carcinogenicity.

Reproductive toxicology studies with adapalene have been performed by the oral and dermal routes of administration in the rat and rabbit. A teratogenic effect has been demonstrated at high systemic exposures (oral doses from 25 mg/kg/day). At lower exposures (dermal dose of 6 mg/kg/day), changes in the numbers of ribs or vertebrae were seen.

Animal studies performed with Epiduo include local tolerance studies and dermal repeat-dose toxicity studies in rat, dog and minipig up to 13 weeks and demonstrated local irritation and a potential for sensitisation, as expected for a combination containing benzoyl peroxide. Systemic exposure to adapalene following repeat dermal application of the fixed combination in animals is very low, consistent with clinical pharmacokinetic data. Benzoyl peroxide is rapidly and completely converted to benzoic acid in the skin and after absorption is eliminated in the urine, with limited systemic exposure.

Reproductive toxicity of adapalene was tested by the oral route in rats for fertility.

There were no adverse effects upon reproductive performance and fertility, F1 litter survival, growth and development to weaning, and subsequent reproductive performance following treatment with adapalene oral at doses up to 20 mg/kg/day.

A reproductive and developmental toxicity study conducted in rats exposed groups to oral doses of benzoyl peroxide of up 1000 mg/kg/day (5 mL/kg) showed that Benzoyl peroxide did not induce teratogenicity or effects on reproductive function at doses up to 500 mg/kg/day.

Disodium edetate

Docusate sodium

Glycerol

Poloxamer

Propylene glycol (E1520)

Simulgel 600PHA (copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate, isohexadecane, polysorbate 80 (E433), sorbitan oleate)

Purified water

Not applicable.

2 years.

Epiduo in-use stability is at least 6 months after first opening.

Do not store above 25° C.

Epiduo is stored in two types of container:

Tube:

5 g, 15 g, 30 g, 45 g, 60 g and 90 g white plastic tubes having a high density polyethylene body structure with a high density polyethylene head, closed with a white polypropylene screw-cap.

Multidose container with airless pump:

15 g, 30 g, 45 g and 60 g white multidose container with airless pump and snap on cap, made of polypropylene, low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

No special requirements.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.