Local or regional anaesthesia with bupivacaine is indicated for:

- Surgical operations, including obstetric operations such as Caesarean section.

- Acute pain relief, including labour or postoperative pain.

- Diagnosis and treatment of chronic pain, e.g. sympathetic nerve blocks.

Bupivacaine can be used for different anaesthetic techniques including local infiltration, minor and major nerve blocks and epidural blockade.

• Surgical anaesthesia in adults and children above 12 years of age.

• Acute pain management in adults, infants and children above 1 year of age.

Posology

Care should be taken in order to prevent acute toxic reactions by avoiding intravascular injection. Careful aspiration before and intermittently during the injection is recommended. For epidural anaesthesia, a test dose of 3 - 5m1 of bupivacaine containing adrenaline is recommended, since an intravascular injection of an adrenaline-containing solution may be recognised by an increase in heart rate. Verbal contact with the patient and repeated measurements of heart rate (ECG) should be maintained following the test dose. Aspiration should be repeated prior to administration of the main dose. The main dose should be injected slowly in incremental doses of 4 - 5m1 while keeping in constant contact with the patient. If toxic symptoms or signs of an intrathecal blockade occur, the injection should be stopped immediately.

Unnecessarily high doses of local anaesthetics are to be avoided. In general, complete blockade of all nerve fibres in large nerves, requires high concentrations of drug. For thinner nerves, or when only a sensory blockade is required (e.g. in the relief of labour pain), the lower concentrations producing less motor blockade are indicated. The volume of drug used will affect the extent of spread of anaesthesia.

For prolongation of the blockade, an indwelling catheter through which local anaesthetic drug can be injected or infused, may be used. This is common for epidural anaesthesia, but can also be used, for example, for brachial plexus anaesthesia and interpleural analgesia.

The following table is a guide to dosage for the more commonly used techniques. The clinician's experience and knowledge of the patient's physical status are of importance in calculating the required dose. When prolonged blocks are used, either by continuous infusion or by repeated bolus administration, the potential problem of increasing systemic concentrations must be addressed. Experience to date indicates that 400mg administered over 24 hours is well tolerated in average adults.

Dosage recommendations for Bupivacaine

The dosages in the table are those considered to be necessary for the production of a successful block and should be regarded as guidelines for use in the average adult. There are wide individual variations in the time to onset and the duration of anaesthesia and it is impossible to be precise. For other regional local anaesthetic techniques consult standard textbooks.

N.B. Risk of systemic effects of adrenaline with large volumes of adrenalinecontaining solutions.

≤ – Up to

NR – Not recommended

≤ – Up to

NR – Not recommended

≤ – Up to

NR – Not recommended

≤ – Up to

NR – Not recommended

Paediatric population:

Paediatric patients 1 to 12 years of age

Paediatric regional anaesthetic procedures should be performed by qualified clinicians who are familiar with this population and the technique.

The doses in the table should be regarded as guidelines for use in paediatrics. Individual variations occur. In children with a high body weight a gradual reduction of the dosage is often necessary and should be based on the ideal body weight. Standard textbooks should be consulted for factors affecting specific block techniques and for individual patient requirements. The lowest dose required for adequate analgesia should be used.

^a)The onset and duration of peripheral nerve blocks depend on the type of block and the dose administered.

^b)Thoracic epidural blocks need to be given by incremental dosage until the desired level of anaesthesia is achieved.

In children the dosage should be calculated on a weight basis up to 2 mg/kg. In order to avoid intravascular injection, aspiration should be repeated prior to and during administration of the main dose. This should be injected slowly in incremental doses, particularly in the lumbar and thoracic epidural routes, constantly and closely observing the patient's vital functions.

Peritonsillar infiltration has been performed in children above 2 years of age with bupivacaine 2.5 mg/ml at a dose of 7.5-12.5mg per tonsil.

Ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric blocks have been performed in children aged 1 year or older with bupivacaine 2.5 mg/ml at a dose of 0.1-0.5 ml/kg equivalent to 0.25-1.25 mg/kg. Children aged 5 years or older have received bupivacaine 5 mg/ml at a dose of 1.25-2 mg/kg.

For penile blocks bupivacaine 5 mg/ml has been used at total doses of 0.2-0.5 ml/kg equivalent to 1-2.5 mg/kg.

The safety and efficacy of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride 0.25%w/v Solution for Injection in children < 1 year of age have not been established. Only limited data are available.

Safety and efficacy of intermittent epidural bolus injection or continuous infusion have not been established. Only limited data is available.

Method of administration:

Infiltration by injection. Epidural. Caudal

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1

Bupivacaine Hydrochloride solutions are contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to local anaesthetic agents of the amide group or to other components of the injectable formulation. Solutions of bupivacaine hydrochloride are contraindicated for intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block).

Epidural anaesthesia, regardless of the local anaesthetic used, has its own contraindications which include: active disease of the central nervous system such as meningitis, poliomyelitis, intracranial haemorrhage, subacute combined degeneration of the cord due to pernicious anaemia, and cerebral or spinal tumors. Tuberculosis of the spine. Pyogenic infection of the skin at or adjacent to the site of lumbar puncture. Cardiogenic or hypovolaemic shock. Coagulation disorders or ongoing anticoagulant therapy. Epidural and spinal anaesthesia is contraindicated in patients with an expanding cerebral lesion, a tumor, cyst or abscess, which may, if the intracranial pressure is suddenly altered, cause obstruction to the cerebrospinal fluid or blood circulation (the pressure cone).

Bupivacaine should be used with caution in patients receiving agents structurally related to local anaesthetics, for instance tocainide, since the toxic effects are additive.

Injection of adrenaline containing bupivacaine in areas of end arteries (e.g. penile block, Oberst block) may cause ischemic tissue necrosis.

Note: No specific contraindications were identified for paediatric patients.

There have been reports of cardiac arrest during the use of bupivacaine for epidural anaesthesia or peripheral nerve blockade where resuscitative efforts have been difficult, and were required to be prolonged before the patient responded. However, in some instances resuscitation has proven impossible despite apparently adequate preparation and appropriate management.

Like all local anaesthetic drugs, bupivacaine may cause acute toxicity effects on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems if utilised for local anaesthetic procedures resulting in high blood concentrations of the drug. This is especially the case after unintentional intravascular administration or injection into highly vascular areas. Ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, sudden cardiovascular collapse and death have been reported in connection with high systemic concentrations of bupivacaine.

Adequate resuscitation equipment should be available whenever local or general anaesthesia is administered. The clinician responsible should take the necessary precautions to avoid intravascular injection (see 4.2).

Before any nerve block is attempted, intravenous access for resuscitation purposes should be established. Clinicians should have received adequate and appropriate training in the procedure to be performed and should be familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of side effects, systemic toxicity or other complications (see 4.9 & 4.8).

Major peripheral nerve blocks may require the administration of a large volume of local anaesthetic in areas of high vascularity, often close to large vessels where there is an increased risk of intravascular injection and/or systemic absorption. This may lead to high plasma concentrations.

Overdosage or accidental intravenous injection may give rise to toxic reactions.

Injection of repeated doses of bupivacaine hydrochloride may cause significant increases in blood levels with each repeated dose due to slow accumulation of the drug. Tolerance varies with the status of the patient.

Although regional anaesthesia is frequently the optimal anaesthetic technique, some patients require special attention in order to reduce the risk of dangerous side effects:

• The elderly and patients in poor general condition should be given reduced doses commensurate with their physical status.

• Patients with partial or complete heart block – due to the fact that local anaesthetics may depress myocardial conduction

• Patients with advanced liver disease or severe renal dysfunction.

• Patients in the late stages of pregnancy

• Patients treated with anti-arrhythmic drugs class III (e.g. amiodarone) should be under close surveillance and ECG monitoring, since cardiac effects may be additive.

Only in rare cases have amide local anaesthetics been associated with allergic reactions (with anaphylactic shock developing in most severe instances).

Patients allergic to ester-type local anaesthetics drugs ( procaine , tetracaine, benzocaine, etc) have not shown cross-sensitivity to agents of the amide-type such as bupivacaine.

Certain local anaesthetic procedures may be associated with serious adverse reactions, regardless of the local anaesthetic drug used.

• Local anaesthetics should be used with caution for epidural anaesthesia in patients with impaired cardiovascular function since they may be less able to compensate for functional changes associated with the prolongation of A-V conduction produced by these drugs.

• The physiological effects generated by a central neural blockade are more pronounced in the presence of hypotension. Patients with hypovolaemia due to any cause can develop sudden and severe hypotension during epidural anaesthesia. Epidural anaesthesia should therefore be avoided or used with caution in patients with untreated hypovolaemia or significantly impaired venous return.

• Retrobulbar injections may very rarely reach the cranial subarachnoid space causing temporary blindness, cardiovascular collapse, apnoea, convulsions etc.

• Retro- and peribulbar injections of local anaesthetics carry a low risk of persistent ocular muscle dysfunction. The primary causes include trauma and/or local toxic effects on muscles and/or nerves. The severity of such tissue reactions is related to the degree of trauma, the concentration of the local anaesthetic and the duration of exposure of the tissue to the local anaesthetic. For this reason, as with all local anaesthetics, the lowest effective concentration and dose of local anaesthetic should be used.

• Vasoconstrictors may aggravate tissue reactions and should be used only when indicated.

• Small doses of local anaesthetics injected into the head and neck, including retrobulbar, dental and stellate ganglion blocks, may produce systemic toxicity due to inadvertent intra-arterial injection.

• Paracervical block may have a greater adverse effect on the foetus, than other nerve blocks used in obstetrics. Due to the systemic toxicity of bupivacaine, special care should be taken when using bupivacaine for paracervical block.

• There have been post-marketing reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving post-operative intra-articular continuous infusion of local anaesthetics. The majority of reported cases of chondrolysis have involved the shoulder joint. Due to multiple contributing factors and inconsistency in the scientific literature regarding mechanism of action, causality has not been established. Intra-articular continuous infusion is not an approved indication for Bupivacaine.

Local anaesthetics should be used with caution for epidural or spinal anaesthesia in the following situations: marked obesity, senility, cerebral atheroma, myocardial degeneration and toxaemia.

Epidural and spinal anaesthesia with any local anaesthetic can cause hypotension and bradycardia which should be anticipated and appropriate precautions taken. These may include preloading the circulation with crystalloid or colloid solution. If hypotension develops it should be treated with a vasopressor such as ephedrine 10-15mg intravenously. Severe hypotension may result from hypovolaemia due to haemorrhage or dehydration or aorto-caval occlusion in patients with massive ascites, large abdominal tumours or late pregnancy. Marked hypotension should be avoided in patients with cardiac decompensation.

Patients with hypovolaemia due to any cause can develop sudden and severe hypotension during epidural anaesthesia.

Epidural anaesthesia can cause intercostal paralysis and patients with pleural effusions may suffer respiratory embarrassment. Septicaemia can increase the risk of intraspinal abscess formation in the postoperative period.

When bupivacaine is administered as intra-articular injection, caution is advised when recent major intra-articular trauma is suspected or extensive raw surfaces within the joint have been created by the surgical procedure, as that may accelerate absorption and result in higher plasma concentrations.

Epidural and spinal anaesthesia, properly performed, is generally well tolerated by obese patients and by those with obstructive lung disease. However, patients with a splinted diaphragm which interferes with breathing, such as those with hydramnios, large ovarian or uterine tumours, pregnancy, ascites or omental obesity are at risk from hypoxia due to respiratory inadequacy and aortocaval compression due to tumour mass. Lateral tilt, oxygen and mechanical ventilation should be used when indicated. Dosage should be reduced in such patients.

Paediatric patients:

The use of bupivacaine for intra-articular block in children 1 to 12 years of age has not been documented.

The use of bupivacaine for major nerve block in children 1 to 12 years of age has not been documented.

For Epidural anaesthesia children should be given incremental doses commensurate with their age and weight as especially epidural anaesthesia at a thoracic level may result in severe hypotension and respiratory impairment.

Bupivacaine should be used with caution in patients receiving other local anaesthetics or agents structurally related to amide-type local anaesthetics, e.g. certain antiarrhythmics, such as lidocaine and mexiletine, since the systemic toxic effects are additive.

Specific interaction studies with Bupivacaine and anti-arrhythmic drugs class III (e.g. amiodarone) have not been performed, but caution should be advised. (Refer section 4.4)

Pregnancy

There is no evidence of untoward effects in human pregnancy. In large doses there is evidence of decreased pup survival in rats and an embryological effect in rabbits if bupivacaine is administered in pregnancy. Bupivacaine should not therefore be given in early pregnancy unless the benefits are considered to outweigh the risks.

Foetal adverse effects due to local anaesthetics, such as foetal bradycardia, seem to be most apparent in paracervical block anaesthesia. Such effects may be due to high concentrations of anaesthetic reaching the foetus. (see also Section 4.4)

Breast-feeding

Bupivacaine enters the mother's milk, but in such small quantities that there is no risk of affecting the child at therapeutic dose levels.

In general, it is sufficient to allow 2 - 4 hours post nerve block or until full functions have returned following regional nerve block. In many situations, patients receive a sedative or other C.N.S. depressant drug e.g. diazepam, midazolam to allow the block to be performed. One must allow adequate time for the effects of these drugs to clear. Depending on dosage, local anaesthetics may have a very mild effect on mental function and co-ordination even in the absence of overt CNS toxicity and may temporarily impair locomotion and alertness.

Accidental sub-arachnoid injection can lead to very high spinal anaesthesia possibly with apnoea and severe hypotension.

The adverse reaction profile for Bupivacaine hydrochloride is similar to those for other long acting local anaesthetics. Adverse reactions caused by the drug per se are difficult to distinguish from the physiological effects of the nerve block (e.g., decrease in blood pressure, bradycardia), events caused directly (e.g., nerve trauma) or indirectly (e.g., epidural abscess) by needle puncture.

Neurological damage is a rare but well recognised consequence of regional and particularly epidural and spinal anaesthesia. It may be due to several causes, e.g. direct injury to the spinal cord or spinal nerves, anterior spinal artery syndrome, injection of an irritant substance, or an injection of a non-sterile solution. These may result in localised areas of paraesthesia or anaesthesia, motor weakness, loss of sphincter control and paraplegia. Occasionally these are permanent.

The adverse reactions considered at least possibly related to treatment with Bupivacaine hydrochloride from clinical trials with related products and postmarketing experience are listed below by body system organ class and absolute frequency. Frequencies are defined as very common (1/10), common (1/100, < 1/10), uncommon (1/1,000, < 1/100), rare (1/10,000, < 1/1,000), including isolated reports, or not known (identified through post-marketing safety surveillance and the frequency cannot be estimated from the available data).

Table of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR)

Hepatic dysfunction, with reversible increases of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, have been observed following repeated injections or long-term infusions of bupivacaine. If signs of hepatic dysfunction are observed during treatment with bupivacaine, the drug should be discontinued.

Paediatric population

Adverse drug reactions in children are similar to those in adults, however, in children, early signs of local anaesthetic toxicity may be difficult to detect in cases where the block is given during sedation or general anaesthesia.

4.8.1 Acute systemic toxicity

Systemic toxic reactions primarily involve the central nervous system (CNS) and the cardiovascular system. Such reactions are caused by high blood concentrations of a local anaesthetic, which may appear due to (accidental) intravascular injection, overdose or exceptionally rapid absorption from highly vascularised areas (see section 4.4). CNS reactions are similar for all amide local anaesthetics, while cardiac reactions are more dependent on the drug, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

Central nervous system toxicity is a graded response with symptoms and signs of escalating severity. The first symptoms are usually light-headedness, circumoral paraesthesia, numbness of the tongue, hyperacusis, tinnitus and visual disturbances. Dysarthria, muscular twitching or tremors are more serious and precede the onset of generalised convulsions. These signs must not be mistaken for neurotic behaviour.

Unconsciousness and grand mal convulsions may follow, which may last from a few seconds to several minutes. Hypoxia and hypercarbia occur rapidly following convulsions due to the increased muscular activity, together with the interference with respiration and possible loss of functional airways. In severe cases apnoea may occur. Acidosis, hyperkalaemia and hypoxia increase and extend the toxic effects of local anaesthetics.

Recovery is due to redistribution of the local anaesthetic drug from the central nervous system and subsequent metabolism and excretion. Recovery may be rapid unless large amounts of the drug have been injected.

Cardiovascular system toxicity may be seen in severe cases and is generally preceded by signs of toxicity in the central nervous system. In patients under heavy sedation or receiving a general anaesthetic, prodromal CNS symptoms may be absent. Hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia and even cardiac arrest may occur as a result of high systemic concentrations of local anaesthetics, but in rare cases cardiac arrest has occurred without prodromal CNS effects.

4.8.2 Treatment of acute toxicity

If signs of acute systemic toxicity appear, injection of the local anaesthetic should be immediately stopped.

Treatment of a patient with systemic toxicity consists of arresting convulsions and ensuring adequate ventilation with oxygen, if necessary by assisted or controlled ventilation (respiration).

Once convulsions have been controlled and adequate ventilation of the lungs ensured, no other treatment is generally required.

If circulatory arrest should occur, immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be instituted. Optimal oxygenation and ventilation and circulatory support as well as treatment of acidosis are of vital importance.

Cardiac arrest due to bupivacaine can be resistant to electrical defibrillation and resuscitation must be continued energetically for a prolonged period.

High or total spinal blockade causing respiratory paralysis and hypotension during epidural anaesthesia should be treated by ensuring and maintaining a patent airway and giving oxygen by assisted or controlled ventilation.

If cardiovascular depression occurs (hypotension, bradycardia) appropriate treatment with intravenous fluids, vasopressor, and or inotropic agents should be considered. Children should be given doses commensurate with age and weight.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions after authorisations of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

Accidental intravascular injections of local anaesthetics may cause immediate (within seconds to a few minutes) systemic toxic reactions. In the event of overdose, systemic toxicity appears later (15-60 minutes after injection) due to slower increase in local anaesthetic blood concentration. (see sections 4.8.1 and 4.8.2)

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anesthetics, Local, (ATC code): N01BB01

Mechanism of action

Bupivacaine has a similar mechanism of action to other local anaesthetics in nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system. It also interferes with the function of all organs in which conduction or transmission of impulses occur. These include effects on the C.N.S, the autonomic ganglia, the neuromuscular junction and all forms of muscle fibres. At high doses it produces surgical anaesthesia, while at lower doses it produces sensory block (analgesia) with less pronounced motor block. Following absorption, bupivacaine may cause stimulation of the C.N.S followed by depression and, in the cardiovascular system, it acts primarily on the myocardium where it may decrease electrical excitability, conduction rate, force of contraction and eventually cardiac arrest.

Absorption

Like other local anaesthetics, the rate of systemic absorption of bupivacaine is dependent upon the total dose and concentration administered, the route of administration and the vascularity of the tissue locally. Bupivacaine is about 95% bound to plasma proteins, mainly to alpha-1-acid glycoprotein at low concentrations and to albumin at high concentrations. In adults, the terminal half-life of Bupivacaine is 2.7 hours. In neonates and some young infants, terminal elimination half-lives could be as long as 8 to 12 hours. The maximum blood concentration varies with the site of injection.

Distribution

Amide local anaesthetics including Bupivacaine have been shown to have diminished clearance in neonates and infants less than 3 months of age, with steady maturation until they reach levels of adult clearance at about 8 months of age. Foetal concentrations are lower than maternal concentrations because only the free, unbound drug is available for placental transfer. Local anaesthetics are distributed to some extent to all body tissues, with higher concentrations found in highly perfused organs such as liver, heart and brain. In children the pharmacokinetics is similar to that in adults.

Biotransformation

Bupivacaine is metabolised in the liver and is excreted in the urine mainly as metabolites, with only 5 to 6% as unchanged drug.

Bupivacaine hydrochloride is a well established active ingredient.

Sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, water for injections.

Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection should not be mixed with other drugs unless their compatibility is known.

The solution must not be stored in contact with metals, e.g. needles or metal parts of syringes, as dissolved metal ions may cause swelling at the site of injection.

3 years (36 months).

Protect from light.

Store below 25° C.

10ml and 20ml unwrapped translucent plastic ampoules made from polypropylene in packs of 10, 20,50, 100 ampoules

10ml Sterile wrapped translucent plastic ampoules made from polypropylene in packs of 10, 20, 50 or 100 ampoules

Not applicable.